Breedlovestrout, R. L.: Paleofloristic studies in the Paleogene Chuckanut
Basin, Western Washington, USA, PhD dissertation, University of Idaho, 189
pp., 2011.
Brown, S.: A comparison of the structure, primary productivity, and
transpiration of cypress ecosystems in Florida, Ecol. Monogr., 51,
403–427, 1981.
Busing, R. T.: NPP Temperate Forest: Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, USA,
1968–1992, R1, Data set, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, USA, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/804, 2013.
Carmichael, M. J., Lunt, D. J., Huber, M., Heinemann, M., Kiehl, J., LeGrande, A., Loptson, C. A., Roberts, C. D., Sagoo, N., Shields, C., Valdes, P. J., Winguth, A., Winguth, C., and Pancost, R. D.: A model–model and data–model comparison for the early Eocene hydrological cycle, Clim. Past, 12, 455–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-455-2016, 2016.
Davies-Vollum, K. S.: Early Palaeocene palaeoclimatic inferences from fossil
floras of the western interior, USA, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl.,
136, 145–164, 1997.
Dawson, M. R., McKenna, M. C., Beard, K. C., and Hutchison, J. H.: An early
Eocene plagiomenid mammal from Ellesmer
e and Axel Heiberg islands, Arctic
Canada, S Kaupia, 3, 179–192, 1993.
DeVore, M. L. and Pigg, K. B.: A brief review of the fossil history of the
family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern
Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada, Plant Syst. Evol., 266,
45–57, 2007.
DeVore, M. L. and Pigg, K. B.: Floristic composition and comparison of middle
Eocene to late Eocene and Oligocene floras in North America, B. Geosci.,
85, 111–134, 2010.
Dillhoff, R. M., Dillhoff, T. A., Greenwood, D. R., DeVore, M. L., and Pigg,
K. B.: The Eocene Thomas Ranch flora, Allenby Formation, Princeton, British
Columbia, Canada, Botany, 91, 514–529, 2013.
Eberle, J. J. and Greenwood, D. R.: Life at the top of the greenhouse Eocene
world – a review of the Eocene flora and vertebrate fauna from Canada's High
Arctic, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 124, 3–23, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30571.1, 2012.
Eberle, J. J. and Greenwood, D. R.: An Eocene brontothere and tillodonts
(Mammalia) from British Columbia, and their paleoenvironments, Can. J. Earth
Sci., 54, 981–992, 2017.
Eberle, J. J., Gottfried, M. D., Hutchison, J. H., and Brochu, C. A.: First record of Eocene bony fishes and crocodyliforms from Canada's Western Arctic, PLoS ONE, 9, e96079, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096079, 2014.
Eldrett, J. S., Greenwood, D. R., Harding, I. C., and Huber, M.: Increased
seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high
latitudes, Nature, 459, 969–974, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08069, 2009.
Eldrett, J. S., Greenwood, D. R., Polling, M., Brinkhuis, H., and Sluijs, A.: A seasonality trigger for carbon injection at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Clim. Past, 10, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, 2014.
Estes, R. and Hutchison, J. H.: Eocene lower vertebrates from Ellesmere
Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl.,
30, 325–347, 1980.
Environment Canada: National Climate Data and Information Archive, available at:
http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca, last access:
18 January 2020.
Gholz, H. L.: Environmental limits on aboveground net primary production,
leaf area, and biomass in vegetation zones of the Pacific Northwest,
Ecology, 63, 469–481, 1982.
Greenwood, D. R.: Fossil angiosperm leaves and climate: from Wolfe and
Dilcher to Burnham and Wilf, Cour. Forsch. Senck., 258, 95–108, 2007.
Greenwood, D. R. and Conran, J. G.: Fossil coryphoid palms from the Eocene of
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Int. J. Plant Sci., 181, 224–240,
https://doi.org/10.1086/706450, 2020.
Greenwood, D. R., Archibald, S. B., Mathewes, R. W., and Moss, P. T.: Fossil
biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and
northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene
landscape, Can. J. Earth Sci., 42, 167–185, https://doi.org/10.1139/E04-100, 2005.
Greenwood, D. R., Basinger, J. F., and Smith, R. Y.: How wet was the Arctic
Eocene rainforest? Estimates of precipitation from Paleogene Arctic
macrofloras, Geology, 38, 15–18, https://doi.org/10.1130/G30218.1, 2010.
Greenwood, D. R., Pigg, K. B., Basinger, J. F., and DeVore, M. L.: A review of
paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands
floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA, Can. J. Earth
Sci., 53, 548–564, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0177, 2016.
Greenwood, D. R., Keefe, R. L., Reichgelt, T., and Webb, J. A.: Eocene
paleobotanical altimetry of Victoria's Eastern Uplands, Aust. J. Earth Sci.,
64, 625–637, 2017.
Grimm, G. W. and Potts, A. J.: Fallacies and fantasies: the theoretical underpinnings of the Coexistence Approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction, Clim. Past, 12, 611–622, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-611-2016, 2016.
Gushulak, C. A. C., West, C. K., and Greenwood, D. R.: Paleoclimate and
precipitation seasonality of the Early Eocene McAbee megaflora, Kamloops
Group, British Columbia, Can. J. Earth Sci., 53, 591–604, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0160, 2016.
Herold, N., Buzan, J., Seton, M., Goldner, A., Green, J. A. M., Müller, R. D., Markwick, P., and Huber, M.: A suite of early Eocene (
∼55 Ma) climate model boundary conditions, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2077–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, 2014.
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., and Jarvis, A.: Very
high re-solution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas, Int.
J. Climatol., 25, 1965–1978, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276,
2005.
Hinojosa, L. F., Pérez, F., Gaxioloa, A., and Sandoval, I.: Historical
and phylogenetic constraints on the incidence of entire leaf margins:
insights from a new South American model, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 20,
380–390, 2011.
Hollis, C. J., Dunkley Jones, T., Anagnostou, E., Bijl, P. K., Cramwinckel, M. J., Cui, Y., Dickens, G. R., Edgar, K. M., Eley, Y., Evans, D., Foster, G. L., Frieling, J., Inglis, G. N., Kennedy, E. M., Kozdon, R., Lauretano, V., Lear, C. H., Littler, K., Lourens, L., Meckler, A. N., Naafs, B. D. A., Pälike, H., Pancost, R. D., Pearson, P. N., Röhl, U., Royer, D. L., Salzmann, U., Schubert, B. A., Seebeck, H., Sluijs, A., Speijer, R. P., Stassen, P., Tierney, J., Tripati, A., Wade, B., Westerhold, T., Witkowski, C., Zachos, J. C., Zhang, Y. G., Huber, M., and Lunt, D. J.: The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: methodologies for selection, compilation and analysis of latest Paleocene and early Eocene climate proxy data, incorporating version 0.1 of the DeepMIP database, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3149–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, 2019.
Hopkins, R., Schmitt, J., and Stinchcombe, J. R.: A latitudinal cline and
response to vernalization in leaf angle and morphology in
Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae),
New Phytol., 179, 155–164, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02447.x, 2008.
Huber, M. and Caballero, R.: The early Eocene equable climate problem revisited, Clim. Past, 7, 603–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-603-2011, 2011.
Huber, M. and Goldner, A.: Eocene monsoons, J. Asian Earth Sci., 44, 3–23,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.09.014, 2012.
Hyland, E. G., Huntington, K. W., Sheldon, N. D., and Reichgelt, T.: Temperature seasonality in the North American continenta
l interior during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, Clim. Past, 14, 1391–1404, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1391-2018, 2018.
Keery, J. S., Holden, P. B., and Edwards, N. R.: Sensitivity of the Eocene climate to CO2 and orbital variability, Clim. Past, 14, 215–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-215-2018, 2018.
Kudo, G.: Leaf traits and shoot performance of an evergreen shrub,
Ledum palustre ssp.
decumbens, in accordance with latitudinal change, Can. J. Botany, 73, 1451–1456, https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-157, 1995.
Lauretano, V., Littler, K., Polling, M., Zachos, J. C., and Lourens, L. J.: Frequency, magnitude and character of hyperthermal events at the onset of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, Clim. Past, 11, 1313–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1313-2015, 2015.
Littler, K., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T., and Zachos, J. C.: A high
resolution benthic stable-isotope record for the South Atlantic:
Implications for orbital-scale changes in Late Paleocene-Early Eocene
climate and carbon cycling, Earth Planet Sc. Lett., 401, 18–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.054, 2014.
Loptson, C. A., Lunt, D. J., and Francis, J. E.: Investigating vegetation–climate feedbacks during the early Eocene, Clim. Past, 10, 419–436, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-419-2014, 2014.
Lowe, A. J., Greenwood, D. R., West, C. K., Galloway, J. M., Reichgelt, T., and
Sudermann, M.: Plant community ecology and climate on an upland volcanic
landscape during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum: McAbee fossil beds,
British Columbia, Canada, Paleogeogr. Palaeocl., 511, 433–448,
2018.
Lunt, D. J., Dunkley Jones, T., Heinemann, M., Huber, M., LeGrande, A., Winguth, A., Loptson, C., Marotzke, J., Roberts, C. D., Tindall, J., Valdes, P., and Winguth, C.: A model–data comparison for a multi-model ensemble of early Eocene atmosphere–ocean simulations: EoMIP, Clim. Past, 8, 1717–1736, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1717-2012, 2012.
Lunt, D. J., Bragg, F., Chan, W.-L., Hutchinson, D. K., Ladant, J.-B., Niezgodzki, I., Steinig, S., Zhang, Z., Zhu, J., Abe-Ouchi, A., de Boer, A. M., Coxall, H. K., Donnadieu, Y., Knorr, G., Langebroek, P. M., Lohmann, G., Poulsen, C. J., Sepulchre, P., Tierney, J., Valdes, P. J., Dunkley Jones, T., Hollis, C. J., Huber, M., and Otto-Bliesner, B. L.: DeepMIP: Model intercomparison of early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO) large-scale climate features and comparison with proxy data, Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-149, in review, 2020.
Maechler, M., Rousseeuw, P., Struyf, A., Hubert, M., and Hornik, K.:
cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions, R package version 2.1.0.,
2019.
Mathewes, R. W.: Climatic conditions in the western and northern Cordillera
during the last glaciation: paleoecological evidence, Geogr. Phys.
Quatern., 45, 333–339, 1991.
Mathewes, R. W., Greenwood, D. R., and Archibald, S. B.: Paleoenvironment of
the Quilchena flora, British Columbia, during the Early Eocene Climatic
Optimum, Can. J. Earth Sci., 53, 574–590, 2016.
Mathewes, R. W., Greenwood, D. R., and Love, R. L.: The Kanaka Creek
fossil flora (Huntingdon Formation), British Columbia,
Canada–paleoenvironment and evidence for Paleocene age using palynology
and macroflora, Can. J. Earth Sci., 57, 348–365, 2020.
McInerney, F. A. and Wing, S. L.: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A
perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for
the future, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sc., 39, 489–516, 2011.
McKenna, M. C.: Eocene paleolatitude, climate, and mammals of Ellesmere
Island, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 30, 349–362, 1980.
Migalina, S. V., Ivanova, L. A., and Makhnev, A. K.: Changes of Leaf Morphology
in Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh. along a Zonal–Climatic
Transect in the Urals and Western Siberia, Russ. J. Ecol., 41, 293–301,
https://doi.org/10.1134/S106741361004003X, 2010.
Morley, R. J.: Cretaceous and Tertiary climate change and the past
distribution of megathermal rainforests, in: Tropical rainforest responses to
climatic change, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1–34, 2011.
Naafs, B. D. A., Rohrssen, M., Inglis, G. N., Lähteenoja, O., Feakins,
S. J., Collinson, M. E., Kennedy, E. M., Singh, P. K., Singh, M. P., Lunt, D.J.,
and Pancost, R. D.: High temperatures in the terrestrial mid-latitudes during
the early Palaeogene, Nat. Geosci., 11, 766–771, 2018.
New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M., and Mankin, I.: A high resolutiondata set of
surface of surface climate over global landareas, Clim. Res., 21, 1–25,
https://doi.org/10.3354/cr021001, 2002.
Peppe, D. J., Royer, D. L., Cariglino, B., Oliver, S. Y., Newman, S., Leight,
E., Enikolopov, G., Fernandez-Burgos, M., Herrera, F., Adams, J. M., and
Correa, E.: Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate: global patterns
and paleoclimatic applications, New Phytol., 190, 724–739, 2011.
Quan, C., Liu, Y. S. C., and Utescher, T.: Paleogene temperature gradient,
seasonal variation and climate evolution of northeast China, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 313, 150–161, 2012.
R Core Team: R: a language and environment for statistical computing,
version 3.0. 2. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing,
2019.
Reichgelt, T., West, C. K., and Greenwood, D. R.: The relation between the
global distribution of palms and climate, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 4721, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23147-2, 2018.
Reichgelt, T., Kennedy, E. M., Conran, J. G., Lee, W. G., and Lee, D. E.: The
presence of moisture deficits in Miocene New Zealand, Global Planet. Change,
172, 268–277, 2019.
Reinhardt, L., Estrada, S., Andruleit, H., Dohrmann, R., Piepjohn, K., von
Gosen, W., Davis, D. W., and Davis, B.: Altered volcanic ashes in Palaeocene
and Eocene sediments of the Eureka Sound Group (Ellesmere Island, Nunavut,
Arctic Canada), Z. Dtsch. Ges. Geowiss., 164, 131–147, 2013.
Reinhardt, L., von Gosen, W., Piepjohn, K., Lückge, A., and Schmitz, M.:
The Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM-2) in a terrestrial section of the High
Arctic: identification by U-Pb zircon ages of volcanic ashes and carbon
isotope records of coal and amber (Stenkul Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Canada),
in: EGU2017, Vinena, Austria, Proceedings, 19, 8145, 2017.
Salpin, M., Schnyder, J., Baudin, F., Suan, G., Suc, J. P., Popescu, S. M., Fauquette, S., Reinhardt, L., Schmitz, M. D., and Labrousse, L.: Evidence for subtropical warmth in the Canadian Arctic (Beaufort-Mackenzie, Northwest Territories, Canada) during the early Eocene, in: Circum-Arctic Structural Events: Tectonic Evolution of the Arctic Margins and Trans-Arctic Links with Adjacent Orogens, edited by: Piepjohn, K., Strauss, J. V., Reinhardt, L., and McClelland, W. C., Geol. S. Am. Sp., 541, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1130/2018.2541(27), 2019.
Saugier B., Roy J., and Mooney H. A.: Estimations of global terrestrial
productivity: converging toward a single number?, in: Terrestrial Global Productivity, edited by: Roy, J., Saugier, B.,
and Mooney, H. A., San Diego,
Academic, 543–57, 2001.
Shellito, C. J. and Sloan, L. C.: Reconstructing a lost Eocene paradise: Part
I. Simulating the change in global floral distribution at the initial Eocene
thermal maximum, Global Planet. Change, 50, 1–17, 2006.
Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Donders, T. H., Schoon, P. L., Röhl, U.,
Reichart, G. J., Sangiorgi, F., Kim, J. H., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and
Brinkhuis, H.: Warm and wet conditions in the Arctic region during Eocene
Thermal Maximum 2, Nat. Geosci., 2, 777–780, 2009.
Smith, R. Y.: The Eocene Falkland fossil flora, Okanagan Highlands, British
Columbia: Paleoclimate and plant community dynamics during the Early Eocene
Climatic Optimum, PhD dissertation, University of Saskatchewan, 190 pp.,
2011.
Smith, R. Y., Basinger, J. F., and Greenwood, D. R.: Depositional setting,
fossil flora, and paleoenvironment of the Early Eocene Falkland site,
Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia, Can. J. Earth Sci., 46, 811–822, 2009.
Smith, R. Y., Greenwood, D. R., and Basinger, J. F.: Estimating
paleoatmospheric
pCO2 during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum from
stomatal frequency of
Ginkgo, Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada,
Paleogeogr. Palaeocl., 293, 120–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.006, 2010.
Smith, R. Y., Basinger, J. F., and Greenwood, D. R.: Early Eocene plant
diversity and dynamics in the Falkland flora, Okanagan Highlands, British
Columbia, Canada, Palaeobio. Palaeoenv., 92, 309–328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-011-0061-5, 2012.
Sudermann, M., Galloway, J. M., Greenwood, D. R., West, C. K., and Reinhardt,
L.: Palynostratigraphy of the lower Paleogene Margaret Formation at Stenkul
Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, Palynology, in review, 2020.
Sunderlin, D., Loope, G., Parker, N. E., and Williams, C. J.: Paleoclimatic
and paleoecological implications of a Paleocene–Eocene fossil leaf
assemblage, Chickaloon Formation, Alaska. Palaios, 26, 335–345, 2011.
Suan, G., Popescu, S. M., Suc, J. P., Schnyder, J., Fauquette, S., Baudin, F.,
Yoon, D., Piepjohn, K., Sobolev, N. N., and Labrousse, L.: Subtropical
climate conditions and mangrove growth in Arctic Siberia during the early
Eocene, Geology, 45, 539–542, 2017.
Tribe, S.: Eocene paleo-physiography and drainage directions, southern
Interior Plateau, British Columbia, Can. J. Earth Sci., 42, 215–230, 2005.
Tripati, A., Zachos, J., Marincovich Jr., L., and Bice, K.: Late Paleocene
Arctic coastal climate inferred from molluscan stable and radiogenic isotope
ratios, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 170, 101–113, 2001.
van Hinsbergen, D. J., de Groot, L. V., van Schaik, S. J., Spakman, W., Bijl,
P. K., Sluijs, A., Langereis, C. G., and Brinkhuis, H.: A paleolatitude
calculator for paleoclimate studies, PloS One, 10, 1–21, 2015.
West, C. K., Greenwood, D. R., and Basinger, J. F.: Was the Arctic Eocene
“rainforest” monsoonal? Estimates of seasonal precipitation from early
Eocene megafloras from Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Earth Planet Sc. Lett.,
427, 18–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.036, 2015.
West, C. K., Greenwood, D. R., and Basinger, J. F.: The late Paleocene and
early Eocene Arctic megaflora of Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg islands,
Nunavut, Canada, Palaeontogr. Abt. B., 300, 47–163, 2019.
West, C. K., Greenwood, D. R., Reichgelt, T., Lowe, A. J., Vachon, J. M., and Basinger, J. F.: Data for: Paleobotanical proxies for early Eocene climates and ecosystems in northern North America from middle to high latitudes, Mendeley Data, v1, https://doi.org/10.17632/m8sgvhnc8n.1, 2020.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Wilkens, R. H., Gingerich, P. D., Clyde, W. C., Wing, S. L., Bowen, G. J., and Kraus, M. J.: Synchronizing early Eocene deep-sea and continental records – cyclostratigraphic age models for the Bighorn Basin Coring Project drill cores, Clim. Past, 14, 303–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-303-2018, 2018.
Whittaker, R. H.: Communities and Ecosystems, 2nd ed., Macmillan, New York,
1975.
Wilf, P.: When are leaves good thermometers? A new case for leaf margin
analysis, Paleobiology, 23i, 373–390, 1997.
Wilf, P.: Late Paleocene–early Eocene climate changes in southwestern
Wyoming: Paleobotanical analysis, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 292–307,
2000.
Wilf, P., Wing, S. L., Greenwood, D. R., and Greenwood, C. L.: Using fossil leaves as paleoprecipitation indicators: an Eocene example, Geology, 26, 203–206, 1998.
Willard, D. A., Donders, T. H., Reichgelt, T., Greenwood, D. R., Sangiorgi, F.,
Peterse, F., Nierop, K. G., Frieling, J., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Arctic
vegetation, temperature, and hydrology during Early Eocene transient global
warming events, Global Planet. Change, 178, 139–152, 2019.
Williams, C. J., LePage, B. A., Johnson, A. H., and Vann, D. R.: Structure,
biomass, and productivity of a late Paleocene Arctic forest, P. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 158, 107–127, 2009.
Wing, S. L.: Tertiary vegetation of North America as a context for mammalian
evolution, in: Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, edited by: Janis, C. M., Scott, K. M., Jacobs, L. L., Gunnell, G. F., and
Uhen, M. D., 1, 37–65,
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Wolfe, J. A.: Distribution of Major Vegetational Types During the Tertiary,
in: The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric
CO2: Natural Variations Archean to
Present, edited by: Sundquist, E. and Broecker, W., 32, 357–375, 1985.
Wolfe, J. A.: Tertiary plants from the Cook Inlet region, Alaska, US Geol.
Survey Prof. P., 398, 1–32, 1966.
Wolfe, J. A.: A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf
assemblages, US Government Printing Office, No. 2040–2041, 1993.
Wolfe, J. A.: Tertiary climatic changes at middle latitudes of western North
America, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 108, 195–205, 1994.
Yang, J., Spicer, R. A., Spicer, T. E., and Li, C. S.: “CLAMP Online”: a new
web-based palaeoclimate tool and its application to the terrestrial
Paleogene and Neogene of North America, Palaeobio. Palaeoenv., 91,
163–183, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-011-0056-2, 2011.
Yang, J., Spicer, R. A., Spicer, T. E., Arens, N. C., Jacques, F. M., Su, T.,
Kennedy, E. M., Herman, A. B., Steart, D. C., Srivastava, G., Mehrotra, R. C.,
Valdes, P. J., Mehrotra, N. C., Zhou, Z., and Lai, J.: Leaf form – climate
relationships on the global stage: An ensemble of characters, Global Ecol.
Biogeogr., 24, 1113–1125, 2015.
Zhang, L., Hay, W. W., Wang, C., and Gu, X.: The evolution of latitudinal
temperature gradients from the latest Cretaceous through the Present, Earth
Sci. Rev., 189, 147–158, 2019.
