Articles | Volume 13, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-959-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-959-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Antarctic climate and ice-sheet configuration during the early Pliocene interglacial at 4.23 Ma
Nicholas R. Golledge
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
GNS Science, Avalon, Lower Hutt 5011, New Zealand
Zoë A. Thomas
Climate Change Research Centre and PANGEA Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Richard H. Levy
GNS Science, Avalon, Lower Hutt 5011, New Zealand
Edward G. W. Gasson
Department of Geography, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
Timothy R. Naish
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
Robert M. McKay
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
Douglas E. Kowalewski
Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA 01602, USA
Christopher J. Fogwill
Climate Change Research Centre and PANGEA Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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48 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Five-million-year deep-ocean paleoceanographic variability at the Central South Pacific: Insights from agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages S. Das et al.
- Repeated major inland retreat of Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers (West Antarctica) during the Pliocene K. Horikawa et al.
- The Antarctic Ice Sheet: A Paleoclimate Modeling Perspective E. Gasson & B. Keisling
- Modeling the timing of Patagonian Ice Sheet retreat in the Chilean Lake District from 22–10 ka J. Cuzzone et al.
- Twenty first century changes in Antarctic and Southern Ocean surface climate in CMIP6 T. Bracegirdle et al.
- Estimating Modern Elevations of Pliocene Shorelines Using a Coupled Ice Sheet‐Earth‐Sea Level Model D. Pollard et al.
- Tipping elements and amplified polar warming during the Last Interglacial Z. Thomas et al.
- Antarctic tipping points triggered by the mid-Pliocene warm climate J. Blasco et al.
- Ice sheet model simulations reveal that polythermal ice conditions existed across the northeastern USA during the Last Glacial Maximum J. Cuzzone et al.
- Layered seawater intrusion and melt under grounded ice A. Robel et al.
- Oceanic forcing of penultimate deglacial and last interglacial sea-level rise P. Clark et al.
- Back to the Future: Using Long-Term Observational and Paleo-Proxy Reconstructions to Improve Model Projections of Antarctic Climate T. Bracegirdle et al.
- Revised chronostratigraphy of DSDP Site 270 and late Oligocene to early Miocene paleoecology of the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica D. Kulhanek et al.
- Skewness of Temperature Data Implies an Abrupt Change in the Climate System Between 1985 and 1991 A. Skelton et al.
- Observations of grounding zones are the missing key to understand ice melt in Antarctica E. Rignot
- The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet J. Garbe et al.
- Anticipating drought-related food security changes P. Krishnamurthy R et al.
- The amplitude and origin of sea-level variability during the Pliocene epoch G. Grant et al.
- Ice loss from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during late Pleistocene interglacials D. Wilson et al.
- Using Antarctic subglacial relic landscapes to inform past ice sheet retreat in the warm Pliocene R. Knight et al.
- Late Quaternary dynamics of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system, East Antarctica L. Wu et al.
- The achievability of low-emission IPCC sea-level rise scenarios H. Millman et al.
- Continuous simulations over the last 40 million years with a coupled Antarctic ice sheet-sediment model D. Pollard & R. DeConto
- Widespread seawater intrusions beneath the grounded ice of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica E. Rignot et al.
- Extratropical cyclones as buffers and drivers of changes in surface mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet under global warming D. Xu et al.
- Redating the earliest evidence of the mid-Holocene relative sea-level highstand in Australia and implications for global sea-level rise A. Dougherty et al.
- RETRACTED: Sea-level fingerprinting technique: A window into meltwater pulse 1 A and constraints from Antarctica W. Baba & J. Pattanaik
- Miocene and Pliocene ice and air from the Allan Hills blue ice area, East Antarctica S. Shackleton et al.
- Retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet During the Last Interglaciation and Implications for Future Change N. Golledge et al.
- West Antarctic sites for subglacial drilling to test for past ice-sheet collapse P. Spector et al.
- Long‐term projections of sea‐level rise from ice sheets N. Golledge
- Applying Tipping Point Theory to Remote Sensing Science to Improve Early Warning Drought Signals for Food Security P. Krishnamurthy R et al.
- A probabilistic and model-based approach to the assessment of glacial detritus from ice sheet change A. Aitken & L. Urosevic
- Higher than present global mean sea level recorded by an Early Pliocene intertidal unit in Patagonia (Argentina) A. Rovere et al.
- High climate model dependency of Pliocene Antarctic ice-sheet predictions A. Dolan et al.
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics in the Amundsen Sea Sector since the Late Miocene—Tying IODP Expedition 379 Results to Seismic Data J. Gille-Petzoldt et al.
- Warming of +1.5 °C is too high for polar ice sheets C. Stokes et al.
- Southern Ocean temperature records and ice-sheet models demonstrate rapid Antarctic ice sheet retreat under low atmospheric CO2 during Marine Isotope Stage 31 C. Beltran et al.
- Millennial-scale variability of the Antarctic ice sheet during the early Miocene N. Sullivan et al.
- Geologically constrained 2-million-year-long simulations of Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat and expansion through the Pliocene A. Halberstadt et al.
- Minimal East Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat onto land during the past eight million years J. Shakun et al.
- Global environmental consequences of twenty-first-century ice-sheet melt N. Golledge et al.
- Revisiting Antarctic ice loss due to marine ice-cliff instability T. Edwards et al.
- Pliocene deglacial event timelines and the biogeochemical response offshore Wilkes Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica R. Bertram et al.
- Response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to past and future climate change C. Stokes et al.
- Contrasting behaviour of the marine- and land-based portions of the Lambert Glacier system in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica during the late Quaternary L. Wu et al.
- Melt rates in the kilometer-size grounding zone of Petermann Glacier, Greenland, before and during a retreat E. Ciracì et al.
- Evidence for a Highly Dynamic West Antarctic Ice Sheet During the Pliocene K. Gohl et al.
48 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Five-million-year deep-ocean paleoceanographic variability at the Central South Pacific: Insights from agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages S. Das et al.
- Repeated major inland retreat of Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers (West Antarctica) during the Pliocene K. Horikawa et al.
- The Antarctic Ice Sheet: A Paleoclimate Modeling Perspective E. Gasson & B. Keisling
- Modeling the timing of Patagonian Ice Sheet retreat in the Chilean Lake District from 22–10 ka J. Cuzzone et al.
- Twenty first century changes in Antarctic and Southern Ocean surface climate in CMIP6 T. Bracegirdle et al.
- Estimating Modern Elevations of Pliocene Shorelines Using a Coupled Ice Sheet‐Earth‐Sea Level Model D. Pollard et al.
- Tipping elements and amplified polar warming during the Last Interglacial Z. Thomas et al.
- Antarctic tipping points triggered by the mid-Pliocene warm climate J. Blasco et al.
- Ice sheet model simulations reveal that polythermal ice conditions existed across the northeastern USA during the Last Glacial Maximum J. Cuzzone et al.
- Layered seawater intrusion and melt under grounded ice A. Robel et al.
- Oceanic forcing of penultimate deglacial and last interglacial sea-level rise P. Clark et al.
- Back to the Future: Using Long-Term Observational and Paleo-Proxy Reconstructions to Improve Model Projections of Antarctic Climate T. Bracegirdle et al.
- Revised chronostratigraphy of DSDP Site 270 and late Oligocene to early Miocene paleoecology of the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica D. Kulhanek et al.
- Skewness of Temperature Data Implies an Abrupt Change in the Climate System Between 1985 and 1991 A. Skelton et al.
- Observations of grounding zones are the missing key to understand ice melt in Antarctica E. Rignot
- The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet J. Garbe et al.
- Anticipating drought-related food security changes P. Krishnamurthy R et al.
- The amplitude and origin of sea-level variability during the Pliocene epoch G. Grant et al.
- Ice loss from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during late Pleistocene interglacials D. Wilson et al.
- Using Antarctic subglacial relic landscapes to inform past ice sheet retreat in the warm Pliocene R. Knight et al.
- Late Quaternary dynamics of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system, East Antarctica L. Wu et al.
- The achievability of low-emission IPCC sea-level rise scenarios H. Millman et al.
- Continuous simulations over the last 40 million years with a coupled Antarctic ice sheet-sediment model D. Pollard & R. DeConto
- Widespread seawater intrusions beneath the grounded ice of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica E. Rignot et al.
- Extratropical cyclones as buffers and drivers of changes in surface mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet under global warming D. Xu et al.
- Redating the earliest evidence of the mid-Holocene relative sea-level highstand in Australia and implications for global sea-level rise A. Dougherty et al.
- RETRACTED: Sea-level fingerprinting technique: A window into meltwater pulse 1 A and constraints from Antarctica W. Baba & J. Pattanaik
- Miocene and Pliocene ice and air from the Allan Hills blue ice area, East Antarctica S. Shackleton et al.
- Retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet During the Last Interglaciation and Implications for Future Change N. Golledge et al.
- West Antarctic sites for subglacial drilling to test for past ice-sheet collapse P. Spector et al.
- Long‐term projections of sea‐level rise from ice sheets N. Golledge
- Applying Tipping Point Theory to Remote Sensing Science to Improve Early Warning Drought Signals for Food Security P. Krishnamurthy R et al.
- A probabilistic and model-based approach to the assessment of glacial detritus from ice sheet change A. Aitken & L. Urosevic
- Higher than present global mean sea level recorded by an Early Pliocene intertidal unit in Patagonia (Argentina) A. Rovere et al.
- High climate model dependency of Pliocene Antarctic ice-sheet predictions A. Dolan et al.
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics in the Amundsen Sea Sector since the Late Miocene—Tying IODP Expedition 379 Results to Seismic Data J. Gille-Petzoldt et al.
- Warming of +1.5 °C is too high for polar ice sheets C. Stokes et al.
- Southern Ocean temperature records and ice-sheet models demonstrate rapid Antarctic ice sheet retreat under low atmospheric CO2 during Marine Isotope Stage 31 C. Beltran et al.
- Millennial-scale variability of the Antarctic ice sheet during the early Miocene N. Sullivan et al.
- Geologically constrained 2-million-year-long simulations of Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat and expansion through the Pliocene A. Halberstadt et al.
- Minimal East Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat onto land during the past eight million years J. Shakun et al.
- Global environmental consequences of twenty-first-century ice-sheet melt N. Golledge et al.
- Revisiting Antarctic ice loss due to marine ice-cliff instability T. Edwards et al.
- Pliocene deglacial event timelines and the biogeochemical response offshore Wilkes Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica R. Bertram et al.
- Response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to past and future climate change C. Stokes et al.
- Contrasting behaviour of the marine- and land-based portions of the Lambert Glacier system in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica during the late Quaternary L. Wu et al.
- Melt rates in the kilometer-size grounding zone of Petermann Glacier, Greenland, before and during a retreat E. Ciracì et al.
- Evidence for a Highly Dynamic West Antarctic Ice Sheet During the Pliocene K. Gohl et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 06 May 2026
Short summary
We investigated how the Antarctic climate and ice sheets evolved during a period of warmer-than-present temperatures 4 million years ago, during a time when the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was very similar to today's level. Using computer models to first simulate the climate, and then how the ice sheets responded, we found that Antarctica most likely lost around 8.5 m sea-level equivalent ice volume as both East and West Antarctic ice sheets retreated.
We investigated how the Antarctic climate and ice sheets evolved during a period of...