Articles | Volume 12, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-713-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-713-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
A distal 140 kyr sediment record of Nile discharge and East African monsoon variability
Universität Leipzig, Institut für Geophysik und Geologie,
Talstraße 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Gerhard Schmiedl
Universität Hamburg, Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und
Nachhaltigkeit, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Martin Seidel
Universität Leipzig, Institut für Geophysik und Geologie,
Talstraße 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Stefan Krüger
Universität Leipzig, Institut für Geophysik und Geologie,
Talstraße 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Hartmut Schulz
Universität Tübingen, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften,
Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
Related authors
Werner Ehrmann, Paul A. Wilson, Helge W. Arz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-81, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-81, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
We report palaeoclimate and sediment provenance records for the last 220 kyr from a sediment core from the northern Red Sea. They comprise high-resolution grain size, clay mineral and geochemical data, together with Nd and Sr isotope data. The data sets document a strong temporal variability of dust influx on glacial-interglacial timescales and several shorter-term strong fluvial episodes. A key finding is that the Nile delta became a major dust source during glacioeustatic sea-level lowstands.
Raphaël Hubert-Huard, Nils Andersen, Helge W. Arz, Werner Ehrmann, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 267–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have studied the geochemistry of benthic foraminifera (micro-fossils) from a sediment core from the Red Sea. Our data show that the circulation and carbon cycling of the Red Sea during the last glacial period responded to high-latitude millennial-scale climate variability and to the orbital influence of the African–Indian monsoon system. This implies a sensitive response of the Red Sea to climate changes.
Werner Ehrmann, Paul A. Wilson, Helge W. Arz, Hartmut Schulz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-37-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-37-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climatic and associated hydrological changes controlled the aeolian versus fluvial transport processes and the composition of the sediments in the central Red Sea through the last ca. 200 kyr. We identify source areas of the mineral dust and pulses of fluvial discharge based on high-resolution grain size, clay mineral, and geochemical data, together with Nd and Sr isotope data. We provide a detailed reconstruction of changes in aridity/humidity.
James A. Smith, Louise Callard, Michael J. Bentley, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Maria Luisa Sánchez-Montes, Timothy P. Lane, Jeremy M. Lloyd, Erin L. McClymont, Christopher M. Darvill, Brice R. Rea, Colm O'Cofaigh, Pauline Gulliver, Werner Ehrmann, Richard S. Jones, and David H. Roberts
The Cryosphere, 17, 1247–1270, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at an accelerating rate. To understand the significance of these changes we reconstruct the history of one of its fringing ice shelves, known as 79° N ice shelf. We show that the ice shelf disappeared 8500 years ago, following a period of enhanced warming. An important implication of our study is that 79° N ice shelf is susceptible to collapse when atmospheric and ocean temperatures are ~2°C warmer than present, which could occur by the middle of this century.
Valerie Menke, Werner Ehrmann, Yvonne Milker, Swaantje Brzelinski, Jürgen Möbius, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Bernd Zolitschka, Karin Zonneveld, Kay Christian Emeis, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-139, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-139, 2017
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines changes in the marine ecosystem during the past 1300 years in the Gulf of Taranto (Italy) to unravel natural and anthropogenic forcing. Our data suggest, that processes at the sea floor are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. During the past 200 years, the effects of rising northern hemisphere temperature and increasing anthropogenic activity enhanced nutrient and organic matter fluxes leading to more eutrophic conditions.
Werner Ehrmann, Paul A. Wilson, Helge W. Arz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-81, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-81, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
We report palaeoclimate and sediment provenance records for the last 220 kyr from a sediment core from the northern Red Sea. They comprise high-resolution grain size, clay mineral and geochemical data, together with Nd and Sr isotope data. The data sets document a strong temporal variability of dust influx on glacial-interglacial timescales and several shorter-term strong fluvial episodes. A key finding is that the Nile delta became a major dust source during glacioeustatic sea-level lowstands.
Katharina D. Six, Uwe Mikolajewicz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 1785–1816, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a physical and biogeochemical ocean model of the Mediterranean Sea to obtain a picture of the Last Glacial Maximum. The shallowing of the Strait of Gibraltar leads to a shallower pycnocline and more efficient nutrient export. Consistent with the sediment data, an increase in organic matter deposition is simulated, although this is based on lower biological production. This unexpected but plausible result resolves the apparent contradiction between planktonic and benthic proxy data.
Jan Maier, Nicole Burdanowitz, Gerhard Schmiedl, and Birgit Gaye
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1072, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1072, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the past 43 ka in the Gulf of Oman. We find SST variations of up to seven degree with lower SSTs during Heinrich Events (HE), especially HE4, and higher SSTs during Dansgaard-Oeschger Events. Our record shows no profound cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum but abrupt variations during the Holocene. We surmise that SSTs variations are influenced by the southwest (northeast) Monsoon during warmer (colder) periods.
Nicole Burdanowitz, Gerhard Schmiedl, Birgit Gaye, Philipp M. Munz, and Hartmut Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 1477–1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse benthic foraminifera, nitrogen isotopes and lipids in a sediment core from the Gulf of Oman to investigate how the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and bottom water (BW) oxygenation have reacted to climatic changes since 43 ka. The OMZ and BW deoxygenation was strong during the Holocene, but the OMZ was well ventilated during the LGM period. We found an unstable mode of oscillating oxygenation states, from moderately oxygenated in cold stadials to deoxygenated in warm interstadials in MIS 3.
Raphaël Hubert-Huard, Nils Andersen, Helge W. Arz, Werner Ehrmann, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 267–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have studied the geochemistry of benthic foraminifera (micro-fossils) from a sediment core from the Red Sea. Our data show that the circulation and carbon cycling of the Red Sea during the last glacial period responded to high-latitude millennial-scale climate variability and to the orbital influence of the African–Indian monsoon system. This implies a sensitive response of the Red Sea to climate changes.
Werner Ehrmann, Paul A. Wilson, Helge W. Arz, Hartmut Schulz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-37-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-37-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climatic and associated hydrological changes controlled the aeolian versus fluvial transport processes and the composition of the sediments in the central Red Sea through the last ca. 200 kyr. We identify source areas of the mineral dust and pulses of fluvial discharge based on high-resolution grain size, clay mineral, and geochemical data, together with Nd and Sr isotope data. We provide a detailed reconstruction of changes in aridity/humidity.
James A. Smith, Louise Callard, Michael J. Bentley, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Maria Luisa Sánchez-Montes, Timothy P. Lane, Jeremy M. Lloyd, Erin L. McClymont, Christopher M. Darvill, Brice R. Rea, Colm O'Cofaigh, Pauline Gulliver, Werner Ehrmann, Richard S. Jones, and David H. Roberts
The Cryosphere, 17, 1247–1270, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at an accelerating rate. To understand the significance of these changes we reconstruct the history of one of its fringing ice shelves, known as 79° N ice shelf. We show that the ice shelf disappeared 8500 years ago, following a period of enhanced warming. An important implication of our study is that 79° N ice shelf is susceptible to collapse when atmospheric and ocean temperatures are ~2°C warmer than present, which could occur by the middle of this century.
Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Miguel Ángel Fuertes, Hartmut Schulz, Yann Marcon, Nele Manon Vollmar, José-Abel Flores, and Frank Lamy
Biogeosciences, 16, 3679–3702, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3679-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3679-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Open ocean phytoplankton include coccolithophore algae, a key element in carbon cycle regulation with important feedbacks to the climate system. We document latitudinal variability in both coccolithophore assemblage and the mass variation in one particular species, Emiliania huxleyi, for a transect across the Drake Passage (in the Southern Ocean). Coccolithophore abundance, diversity and maximum depth habitat decrease southwards, coinciding with changes in the predominant E. huxleyi morphotypes.
Sabine Prader, Ulrich Kotthoff, Francine M.G. McCarthy, Gerhard Schmiedl, Timme H. Donders, and David R. Greenwood
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-511, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-511, 2018
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The observed palaeovegetation movement signals probably correspond to several glacial phases of the middle Oligocene and Early Miocene and might be best reflected within peaks of the conifer forests. Glacial phases exposed shallow shelf areas and allowed the spreading of substrate-depending forest formations. Temperature estimates revealing relative stable humid warm temperate conditions. A Sporadic occurred extinct taxon widens the understanding of its distribution pattern during the Cenozoic.
Dorothea Bunzel, Gerhard Schmiedl, Sebastian Lindhorst, Andreas Mackensen, Jesús Reolid, Sarah Romahn, and Christian Betzler
Clim. Past, 13, 1791–1813, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1791-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1791-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated a sediment core from the Maldives to unravel the interaction between equatorial climate and ocean variability of the past 200 000 years. The sedimentological, geochemical and foraminiferal data records reveal enhanced dust, which was transported by intensified winter monsoon winds during glacial conditions. Precessional fluctuations of bottom water oxygen suggests an expansion of the Arabian Sea OMZ and a varying inflow of Antarctic Intermediate Water.
Valerie Menke, Werner Ehrmann, Yvonne Milker, Swaantje Brzelinski, Jürgen Möbius, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Bernd Zolitschka, Karin Zonneveld, Kay Christian Emeis, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-139, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-139, 2017
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines changes in the marine ecosystem during the past 1300 years in the Gulf of Taranto (Italy) to unravel natural and anthropogenic forcing. Our data suggest, that processes at the sea floor are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. During the past 200 years, the effects of rising northern hemisphere temperature and increasing anthropogenic activity enhanced nutrient and organic matter fluxes leading to more eutrophic conditions.
Julie Lattaud, Denise Dorhout, Hartmut Schulz, Isla S. Castañeda, Enno Schefuß, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Stefan Schouten
Clim. Past, 13, 1049–1061, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1049-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1049-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The study of past sedimentary records from coastal margins allows us to reconstruct variations in terrestrial input into the marine realm and to gain insight into continental climatic variability. The study of two sediment cores close to river mouths allowed us to show the potential of long-chain diols as riverine input proxy.
Philipp M. Munz, Stephan Steinke, Anna Böll, Andreas Lückge, Jeroen Groeneveld, Michal Kucera, and Hartmut Schulz
Clim. Past, 13, 491–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-491-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-491-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present the results of several independent proxies of summer SST and upwelling SST from the Oman margin indicative of monsoon strength during the early Holocene. In combination with indices of carbonate preservation and bottom water redox conditions, we demonstrate that a persistent solar influence was modulating summer monsoon intensity. Furthermore, bottom water conditions are linked to atmospheric forcing, rather than changes of intermediate water masses.
Marc Theodor, Gerhard Schmiedl, Frans Jorissen, and Andreas Mackensen
Biogeosciences, 13, 6385–6404, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6385-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6385-2016, 2016
Thomas C. Brachert, Markus Reuter, Stefan Krüger, James S. Klaus, Kevin Helmle, and Janice M. Lough
Biogeosciences, 13, 4513–4532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4513-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4513-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the rate of calcification of fossil reef corals. These measurements are important, because the rate of formation of the skeleton depends on the physical environment in which the corals lived. The rates of skeletal calcification of the fossils were approximately 50 % lower than they are in extant reef corals. This is a likely effect of high water temperatures and/or low carbonate saturation of the water – factors that will also affect coral growth by future global warming.
Thomas C. Brachert, Markus Reuter, Stefan Krüger, Julia Kirkerowicz, and James S. Klaus
Biogeosciences, 13, 1469–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1469-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1469-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present stable isotope proxy data and calcification records from fossil reef corals. The corals investigated derive from the Florida carbonate platform and are of middle Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. From the data we infer an environment subject to intermittent upwelling on annual to decadal timescales. Calcification rates were enhanced during periods of upwelling. This is likely an effect of dampened SSTs during the upwelling.
H. Schulz and U. von Rad
Biogeosciences, 11, 3107–3120, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3107-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3107-2014, 2014
Y. Milker, M. Wilken, J. Schumann, D. Sakuna, P. Feldens, K. Schwarzer, and G. Schmiedl
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 3113–3128, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3113-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3113-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Feedback and Forcing | Archive: Marine Archives | Timescale: Pleistocene
Insolation evolution and ice volume legacies determine interglacial and glacial intensity
The transient impact of the African monsoon on Plio-Pleistocene Mediterranean sediments
Bispectra of climate cycles show how ice ages are fuelled
Land–sea coupling of early Pleistocene glacial cycles in the southern North Sea exhibit dominant Northern Hemisphere forcing
Takahito Mitsui, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 18, 1983–1996, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1983-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1983-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide simple quantitative models for the interglacial and glacial intensities over the last 800 000 years. Our results suggest that the memory of previous climate states and the time course of the insolation in both hemispheres are crucial for understanding interglacial and glacial intensities. In our model, the shift in interglacial intensities at the Mid-Brunhes Event (~430 ka) is ultimately attributed to the amplitude modulation of obliquity.
Bas de Boer, Marit Peters, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 17, 331–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-331-2021, 2021
Diederik Liebrand and Anouk T. M. de Bakker
Clim. Past, 15, 1959–1983, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1959-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1959-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new analysis and interpretation of a well-established climate record that spans the past 5 million years. We describe how the energy the Earth receives from the Sun is transferred among climate cycles with different duration. This analysis offers new insights into the complex evolution of the global climate system and land-ice volumes during this time. Furthermore, it provides a more complete solution to the long-standing 40 000- and ~100 000-year problems of the ice ages.
Timme H. Donders, Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Roel Verreussel, Dirk Munsterman, Johan ten Veen, Robert P. Speijer, Johan W. H. Weijers, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Lucas Lourens, Gesa Kuhlmann, and Henk Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 14, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-397-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-397-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The buildup and melting of ice during the early glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, around 2.5 million years ago, were far shorter in duration than during the last million years. Based on molecular compounds and microfossils from sediments dating back to the early glaciations we show that the temperature on land and in the sea changed simultaneously and was a major factor in the ice buildup in the Northern Hemisphere. These data provide key insights into the dynamics of early glaciations.
Cited articles
Adamson, D. A., Gasse, F., Street, F. A., and Williams, M. A. J.: Late
Quaternary history of the Nile, Nature, 288, 50–55, 1980.
Almogi-Labin, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Shriki, D., Kolosovsky, E., Paterne, M.,
Schilman, B., Ayalon, A., Aizenshtat, Z., and Matthews, A.: Climatic
variability during the last 90 ka of the southern and northern Levantine
Basin as evident from marine records and speleothems, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
28, 2882–2896, 2009.
Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Kaufman, A., and Wasserburg, G. J.: The Eastern
Mediterranean paleoclimate as a reflection of regional events: Soreq cave,
Israel, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 166, 85–95, 1999.
Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., and Kaufman, A.: Timing and hydrological
conditions of sapropel events in the Eastern Mediterranean, as evident from
speleothems, Soreq cave, Israel, Chem. Geol., 169, 145–156, 2000.
Bartov, Y., Goldstein, S. L., Stein, M., and Enzel, Y.: Catastrophic arid
episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich
events, Geology, 31, 439–442, 2003.
Biscaye, P. E.: Distinction between kaolinite and chlorite in recent
sediments by X-ray diffraction, Am. Mineral., 49, 1281–1289, 1964.
Biscaye, P. E.: Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep-sea clay in the
Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 76,
803–832, 1965.
Blanchet, C. L., Frank, M., and Schouten, S.: Asynchronous changes in
vegetation, runoff and erosion in the Nile River watershed during the
Holocene, PLoS One, 9, e115958, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115958, 2015.
Bolle, M.-P., Tantawy, A. A., Pardo, A., Adatte, T., Burns, S., and Kassab,
A.: Climatic and environmental changes documented in the upper Paleocene and
lower Eocene of Egypt, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 93, 33–51, 2000.
Bond, G., Broecker, W., Johnsen, S., McManus, J., Labeyrie, L., Jouzel, J.,
and Bonani, G.: Correlation between climate records from North Atlantic
sediments and Greenland ice, Nature, 365, 143–147, 1993.
Bout-Roumazeilles, V., Combourieu Nebout, N., Peyron, O., Cortijo, E.,
Landais, A., and Masson-Delmotte, V.: Connection betweeen South Mediterranean
climate and North African atmospheric circulation during the last 50,000 yr
BP North Atlantic cold events, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 3197–3215, 2007.
Box, M. R., Krom, M. D., Cliff, R. A., Bar-Matthews, M., Almogi-Labin, A.,
Ayalon, A., and Paterne, M.: Response of the Nile and its catchment to
millenial-scale climatic change since the LGM from Sr isotopes and major
elements of Eastern Mediterranean sediments, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30,
431–442, 2011.
Cacho, I., Grimalt, J. O., Pelejero, C., Canals, M., Sierro, F. J., Flores,
J. A., and Shackleton, N.: Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich event imprints in
Alboran Sea paleotemperatures, Paleoceanography, 14, 698–705, 1999.
Cacho, I., Grimalt, J. O., Sierro, F. J., Shackleton, N., and Canals, M.:
Evidence for enhanced Mediterranean thermohaline circulation during rapid
climatic coolings, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 183, 417–429, 2000.
Caley, T., Malaizé, B., Revel, M., Ducassou, E., Wainer, K., Ibrahim, M.,
Shoeaib, D., Migeon, S., and Marieu, V.: Orbital timing of the Indian, East
Asian and African boreal monsoons and the concept of a “global monsoon”,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3705–3715, 2011.
Chester, R., Baxter, G. G., Behairy, A. K. A., Connor, K., Cross, D.,
Elderfield, H., and Padgham, R. C.: Soil-sized eolian dusts from the lower
troposphere of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Geol., 24, 201–217, 1977.
Claussen, M., Bathiany, S., Brovkin, V., and Kleinen, T.: Simulated
climate-vegetation interaction in semi-arid regions affected by plant
diversity, Nat. Geosci., 6, 954–958, 2013.
deMenocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins, J., Sarnthein, M., Baker,
L., and Yarusinsky, M.: Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid
Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing, Quaternary
Sci. Rev., 19, 347–361, 2000.
Ducassou, E., Migeon, S., Capotondi, L., and Mascle, J.: Run-out distance and
erosion of debris-flows in the Nile deep-sea fan system: Evidence from
lithofacies and micropalaeontological analyses, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 39,
102–123, 2013.
Ehrmann, W., Schmiedl, G., Hamann, Y., Kuhnt, T., Hemleben, C., and Siebel,
W.: Clay minerals in late glacial and Holocene sediments of the northern and
southern Aegean Sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 249, 36–57, 2007.
Ehrmann, W., Seidel, M., and Schmiedl, G.: Dynamics of Late Quaternary North
African humid periods documented in the clay mineral record of central Aegean
Sea sediments, Glob. Planet. Change, 107, 186–195, 2013.
Emeis, K.-C., Sakamoto, T., Wehausen, R., and Brumsack, H.-J.: The sapropel
record of the eastern Mediterranean Sea – results of Ocean Drilling Program
Leg 160, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 158, 371–395, 2000.
Emeis, K.-C., Schulz, H., Struck, U., Rossignol-Strick, M., Erlenkeuser, H.,
Howell, M. W., Kroon, D., Mackensen, A., Ishizuka, S., Oba, T., Sakamoto,
T., and Koizumi, I.: Eastern Mediterranean surface water temperatures and
δ18O composition during deposition of sapropels in the late
Quaternary, Paleoceanography, 18, 1005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000617, 2003.
Fontugne, M. R. and Calvert, S. E.: Late Pleistocene variability of the
carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in the Eastern Mediterranean:
Monitor of changes in carbon sources and atmospheric CO2
concentrations, Paleoceanography, 7, 1–20, 1992.
Foucault, A. and Stanley, D. J.: Late Quaternary paleoclimatic oscillations
in East Africa recorded by heavy minerals in the Nile delta, Nature, 3390,
44–46, 1989.
Foucault, A. and Mélières, F.: Palaeoclimatic cyclicity in central
Mediterranean Pliocene sediments: the mineralogical signal, Palaeogeogr.
Palaeocl., 158, 311–323, 2000.
Garzanti, E., Ando, S., Padoan, M., Vezzoli, G., and El Kammar, A.: The
modern Nile sediment system: Processes and products, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
130, 9–56, 2015.
Gasse, F.: Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial
Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 189–211, 2000.
Gasse, F., Chalie, F., Vincens, A., Williams, M. A. J., and Williamson, D.:
Climatic patterns in equatorial and southern Africa from 30,000 to 10,000
years ago reconstructed from terrestrial and near-shore proxy data,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 2316–2340, 2008.
Grant, K. M., Rohling, E. J., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Medina-Elizalde,
M., Bronk Ramsey, C., Satow, C., and Roberts, A. P.: Rapid coupling between
ice volume and polar temperature over the past 150,000 years, Nature, 491,
744–747, 2012.
Grelaud, M., Marino, G., Ziveri, P., Rohling, E. J.: Abrupt shoaling of the
nutricline in response to massive freshwater flooding at the onset of the
last interglacial sapropel event, Paleoceanography, 27, PA3208,
https://doi.org/3210.1029/2012PA002288, 2012.
Hamann, Y., Ehrmann, W., Schmiedl, G., Krüger, S., Stuut, J.-B., and
Kuhnt, T.: Sedimentation processes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during
the Late Glacial and Holocene revealed by end-member modelling of the
terrigenous fraction in marine sediments, Mar. Geol., 248, 97–114, 2008.
Hamann, Y., Ehrmann, W., Schmiedl, G., and Kuhnt, T.: Modern and late
Quaternary clay mineral distribution in the area of the SE Mediterranean Sea,
Quaternary Res., 71, 453–464, 2009.
Hemleben, C., Hoernle, K., Jørgensen, B. B., and Roether, W. (Eds.):
Ostatlantik–Mittelmeer–Schwarzes Meer, Cruise No. 51, 12 September–28 December 2001, Meteor-Berichte, Universität Hamburg, 03-01, 225 pp.,
2003.
Holeman, J. N.: The sediment yield of major rivers of the world, Water
Resour. Res., 4, 737–747, 1968.
Kallel, N., Duplessy, J.-C., Labeyrie, L., Fontugne, M., Paterne, M., and
Montacer, M.: Mediterranean pluvial periods and sapropel formation over the
last 200 000 years, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 157, 45–58, 2000.
Koho, K. A., García, R., de Stigter, H. C., Epping, E., Koning, E.,
Kouwenhoven, T. J., and Van der Zwaan, G. J.: Sedimentary labile organic
carbon and pore water redox control on species distribution of benthic
foraminifera: A case study from Lisbon-Setúbal Canyon (southern
Portugal), Prog. Oceanogr., 79, 55–82, 2008.
Krom, M. D., Michard, A., Cliff, R. A., and Strohle, K.: Sources of sediment
to the Ionian Sea and western Levantine basin of the Eastern Mediterranean
during S-1 sapropel times, Mar. Geol., 160, 45–61, 1999a.
Krom, M. D., Cliff, R. A., Eijsink, L. M., Herut, B., and Chester, R.: The
characterisation of Saharan dusts and Nile particulate matter in surface
sediments from the Levantine basin using Sr isotopes, Mar. Geol., 155,
319–330, 1999b.
Krom, M. D., Stanley, J. D., Cliff, R. A., and Woodward, J. C.: Nile River
sediment fluctuations over the past 7000 yr an their key role in sapropel
development, Geology, 30, 71–74, 2002.
Kröpelin, S., Verschuren, D., Lézine, A.-M., Eggermont, H., Cocquyt,
C., Francus, P., Cazet, J.-P., Fagot, M., Rumes, B., Russell, J. M., Darius,
F., Conley, D. J., Schuster, M., von Suchodoletz, H., and Engstrom, D. R.:
Climate-driven ecosystem succession in the Sahara: The past 6000 years,
Science, 320, 765–768, 2008.
Lamb, H. F., Bates, C. R., Coombes, P. V., Marshall, M. H., Umer, M., Davies,
S. J., and Dejen, E.: Late Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Tana, source of
the Blue Nile, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 287–299, 2007.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally
distributed benthic δ18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071, 2005.
Lourens, L. J., Antonarakou, A., Hilgen, F. J., Van Hoof, A. A. M.,
Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., and Zachariasse, W. J.: Evaluation of the
Plio-Pleistocene astronomical timescale, Paleoceanography, 11, 391–413,
1996.
Löwemark, L., Lin, Y., Chen, H.-F., Yang, T.-N., Beier, C., Werner, F.,
Lee, C.-Y., Song, S.-R., and Kao, S.-J.: Sapropel burn-down and ichnological
response to late Quaternary sapropel formation in two ∼ 400 ky records
from the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 239, 406–425,
2006.
Maldonado, A. and Stanley, D. J.: Clay mineral distribution patterns as
influenced by depositional processes in the southeastern Levantine Sea,
Sedimentology, 28, 21–32, 1981.
Manning, K. and Timpson, A.: The demographic response to Holocene climate
change in the Sahara, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 101, 28–35, 2014.
Marino, G., Rohling, E. J., Rodriguez-Sanz, L., Grant, K. M., Heslop, D.,
Roberts, A. P., Stanford, J. D., and Yu, J.: Bipolar seesaw control on last
interglacial sea level, Nature, 522, 197–201, 2015.
Marshall, M. H., Lamb, H. F., Huws, D., Davies, S. J., Bates, R., Bloemendal,
J., Boyle, J., Leng, M. J., Umer, M., and Bryant, C.: Late Pleistocene and
Holocene drought events at Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile, Glob.
Planet. Change, 78, 147–161, 2011.
Martrat, B., Jimenez-Amat, P., Zahn, R., and Grimalt, J. O.: Similarities and
dissimilarities between the last two deglaciations and interglaciations in
the North Atlantic region, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 99, 122–134, 2014.
Milliman, J. D. and Syvitski, J. P. M.: Geomorphic/tectonic control of
sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers,
J. Geol., 100, 525–544, 1992.
Moreno, A., Cacho, I., Canals, M., Prins, M. A., Sanchez-Goni, M.-F.,
Grimalt, J. O., and Weltje, G. J.: Saharan dust transport and high-latitude
glacial climatic variability: the Alboran Sea record, Quaternary Res., 58,
318–328, 2002.
Mothersill, J. S.: The mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments of
northwestern Lake Victoria, Sedimentology, 23, 553–565, 1976.
Mulitza, S., Prange, M., Stuut, J.-B., Zabel, M., von Dobeneck, T., Itambi,
A. C., Nizou, J., Schulz, M., and Wefer, G.: Sahel megadroughts triggered by
glacial slowdowns of Atlantic meridional overturning, Paleoceanography, 23,
PA4206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001637, 2008.
Müller, U. C., Pross, J., Tzedakis, P. C., Gamble, C., Kotthoff, U.,
Schmiedl, G., Wulf, S., and Christanis, K.: The role of climate in the spread
of modern humans into Europe, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 273–279, 2011.
Nyakairu, G. W. A. and Koeberl, C.: Mineralogical and chemical composition
and distribution of rare earth elements in clay-rich sediments from central
Uganda, Geochem. J., 35, 13–28, 2001.
Osborne, A. H., Vance, D., Rohling, E. J., Barton, N., Rogerson, M., and
Fello, N.: A humid corridor across the Sahara for the migration of early
modern humans out of Africa 120,000 years ago, PNAS, 105, 16444–16447,
2008.
Pachur, H.-J. and Hoelzmann, P.: Late Quaternary palaeoecology and
palaeoclimates of the eastern Sahara, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 30, 929–939, 2000.
Paillard, D., Labeyrie, L., and Yiou, P.: Macintosh program performs
time-series analysis, Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77, p.
379, 1996.
Petschick, R.: MacDiff 4.2.5.
http://www.geologie.uni-frankfurt.de/staff/homepages/petschick/petschick.html
(last access: 15 December 2015), 2001.
Pickard, G. L. and Emery, W. J.: Descriptive Physical Oceanography, Pergamon
Press, 320 pp., 1990.
Pross, J., Koutsodendris, A., Christanis, K., Fischer, T., Fletcher, W. J.,
Hardiman, M., Kalaitzidis, S., Knipping, M., Kotthoff, U., Milner, A. M.,
Müller, U. C., Schmiedl, G., Siavalas, G., Tzedakis, P. C., and Wulf, S.:
The 1.35-Ma-long terrestrial climate archive of Tenaghi Philippon,
northeastern Greece: Evolution, exploration, and perspectives for future
research, Newsl. Stratigr., 48, 253–276, 2015.
Quelennec, R. E. and Kruc, C. B.: Nile suspended load and its importance for
the Nile delta morphology. UNDP/UNESCO Proceedings of the Seminar on Nile
Delta Sedimentation. Alexandria, Academy of Scientific Research and
Technology, Egypt, 1–257, 1976.
Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk
Ramsey, C., Buck, C. E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes,
P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton,
T. J., Hoffmann, D. L., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer,
B., Manning, S. W., Niu, M., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M.,
Southon, J. R., Staff, R. A., Turney, C. S. M., and van der Plicht, J.:
IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal
BP, Radiocarbon, 55, 1869–1887, 2013.
Renssen, H., Brovkin, V., Fichefet, T., and Goosse, H.: Simulation of the
Holocene climate evolution in Northern Africa: The termination of the African
Humid Period, Quatern. Int., 150, 95–102, 2006.
Revel, M., Ducassou, E., Grousset, F. E., Bernasconi, S. M., Migeon, S.,
Revillon, S., Mascle, J., Murat, A., Zaragosi, S., and Bosch, D.: 100,000
Years of African monsoon variability recorded in sediments of the Nile
margin, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 1342–1362, 2010.
Rohling, E.: Review and new aspects concerning the formation of eastern
Mediterranean sapropels, Mar. Geol., 122, 1–28, 1994.
Rohling, E. J. and Gieskes, W. W. C.: Late Quaternary changes in
Mediterranean intermediate water density and formation rate,
Paleoceanography, 4, 531–545, 1989.
Rohling, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Abu-Zied, R. H., Casford, J. S. L., and
Hayes, A.: African monsoon variability during the previous interglacial
maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 202, 61–75, 2002a.
Rohling, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Abu-Zied, R. H., Casford, J. S. L., and
Hayes, A.: Holocene atmosphere-ocean interactions: records from Greenland and
the Aegean Sea, Clim. Dynam., 18, 587–593, 2002b.
Rohling, E. J., Marino, G., and Grant, K. M.: Mediterranean climate and
oceanography, and the periodic development of anoxic events (sapropels),
Earth-Sci. Rev., 143, 62–97, 2015.
Rossignol-Strick, M.: African monsoons, an immediate climate response to
orbital insolation, Nature, 304, 46–49, 1983.
Rossignol-Strick, M., Nesteroff, W., Olive, P., and Vergnaud-Grazzini, C.:
After the deluge: Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel formation, Nature,
295, 105–110, 1982.
Sandler, A. and Herut, B.: Composition of clays along the continental shelf
off Israel: contribution of the Nile versus local sources, Mar. Geol., 167,
339–354, 2000.
Scheuvens, D., Schütz, L., Kandler, K., Ebert, M., and Weinbruch, S.:
Bulk composition of northern African dust and its source sediments - A
compilation, Earth-Sci. Rev., 116, 170–194, 2013.
Schmiedl, G., Mitschele, A., Beck, S., Emeis, K.-C., Hemleben, C., Schulz,
H., Sperling, M., and Weldeab, S.: Benthic foraminiferal record of ecosystem
variability in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during times of sapropel S5 and
S6 deposition, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 190, 139–164, 2003.
Schmiedl, G., Kuhnt, T., Ehrmann, W., Emeis, K.-C., Hamann, Y., Kotthoff, U.,
Dulski, P., and Pross, J.: Climatic forcing of eastern Mediterranean
deep-water formation and benthic ecosystems during the past 22000 years,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 3006–3020, 2010.
Shanahan, T. M., McKay, N. P., Hughen, K. A., Overpeck, J. T., Otto-Bliesner,
B., Heil, C. W., King, J., Scholz, C. A., and Peck, J.: The
time-transgressive termination of the African Humid Period, Nat. Geosci., 8,
140–144, 2015.
Stager, J. C., Ryves, D. B., Chase, B. M., and Pausata, F. S. R.:
Catastrophic drought in the Afro-Asian monsoon region during Heinrich Event
1, Science, 331, 1299–1302, 2011.
Stanley, D. J. and Wingerath, J. G.: Clay mineral distributions to interpret
Nile Cell provenance and dispersal: I. Lower River Nile to delta sector, J.
Coast. Res., 12, 911–929, 1996a.
Stanley, D. J. and Wingerath, J. G.: Nile sediment dispersal altered by the
Aswan High Dam: The kaolinite trace, Mar. Geol., 133, 1–9, 1996b.
Stanley, D. J., Mart, Y., and Nir, Y.: Clay mineral distributions to
interpret Nile Cell provenance and dispersal: II. Coastal plain from Nile
Delta to northern Israel, J. Coast. Res., 13, 506–533, 1997.
Stanley, D. J., Nir, Y., and Galili, E.: Clay mineral distributions to
interpret Nile Cell provenance and dispersal: III. Offshore margin between
Nile delta and northern Israel, J. Coast. Res., 14, 196–217, 1998.
Tjallingii, R., Claussen, M., Stuut, J.-B. W., Fohlmeister, J., Jahn, A.,
Bickert, T., Lamy, F., and Röhl, U.: Coherent high- and low-latitude
control of the northwest African hydrological balance, Nat. Geosci., 1,
670–675, 2008.
Tzedakis, P. C.: Vegetation variability in Greece during the last
interglacial, Geol. Mijnbouw, 79, 355–367, 2000.
Venkatarathnam, K. and Ryan, W. B. F.: Dispersal patterns of clay minerals in
the sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Geol., 11, 261–282,
1971.
Weaver, C. E. and Beck, K. C.: Miocene of the S.E. United States: A model for
chemical sedimentation in a peri-marine environment, Sediment. Geol., 17,
1–234, 1977
Wehausen, R. and Brumsack, H.-J.: The formation of Pliocene Mediterranean
sapropels: constraints from high-resolution major and minor element studies,
in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited
by: Robertson, A. H. F., Emeis, K.-C., Richter, C., and Camerlenghi, A.,
160, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 207–217, 1998.
Wehausen, R. and Brumsack, H. J.: Chemical cycles in Pliocene
sapropel-bearing and sapropel-barren eastern Mediterranean sediments,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 158, 325–352, 2000.
Weldeab, S., Emeis, K.-C., Hemleben, C., and Siebel, W.: Provenance of
lithogenic surface sediments and pathways of riverine suspended mattern in
the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: evidence from 143Nd ∕ 144Nd and
87Sr ∕ 86Sr ratios, Chem. Geol., 186, 139–149, 2002.
Weldeab, S., Emeis, K.-C., Hemleben, C., Schmiedl, G., and Schulz, H.:
Spatial productivity variations during formation of sapropels S5 and S6 in
the Mediterranean Sea: evidence from Ba contents, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl.,
191, 169–190, 2003.
Weldeab, S., Menke, V., and Schmiedl, G.: The pace of East African monsoon
evolution during the Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059361, 2014.
Williams, M., Talbot, M., Aharon, P., Salaam, Y. A., Williams, F., and
Brendeland, K. I.: Abrupt return of the summer monsoon 15,000 years ago: new
supporting evidence from the lower White Nile valley and Lake Albert,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2651–2665, 2006.
Williams, M. A. J.: Late Pleistocene and Holocene environments in the Nile
basin, Glob. Planet. Change, 69, 1–15, 2009.
Williams, M. A. J., Usai, D., Salvatori, S., Williams, F. M., Zerboni, A.,
Maritan, L., and Linseele, V.: Late Quaternary environments and prehistoric
occupation in the lower White Nile valley, central Sudan, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 130, 72–88, 2015.