Articles | Volume 12, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1829-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1829-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Sep 2016
Research article |
| 08 Sep 2016
The effect of greenhouse gas concentrations and ice sheets on the glacial AMOC in a coupled climate model
Marlene Klockmann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modelling, Hamburg, Germany
Uwe Mikolajewicz
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Jochem Marotzke
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
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39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Millennial‐Scale Climate Oscillations Triggered by Deglacial Meltwater Discharge in Last Glacial Maximum Simulations Y. Romé et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004451
- Glacial mode shift of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation by warming over the Southern Ocean A. Oka et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00226-3
- Glacial AMOC shoaling despite vigorous tidal dissipation: vertical stratification matters Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2001-2024
- Dynamic Effect of Last Glacial Maximum Ice Sheet Topography on the East Asian Summer Monsoon Y. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0562.1
- Deep water [CO32−] and circulation in the south China sea over the last glacial cycle S. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106499
- Dynamic hydrological discharge modelling for coupled climate model simulations of the last glacial cycle: the MPI-DynamicHD model version 3.0 T. Riddick et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4291-2018
- Machine-learning nowcasting of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Z. Zhai et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0207539
- Heinrich events show two-stage climate response in transient glacial simulations F. Ziemen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-153-2019
- East Atlantic Pattern Drives Multidecadal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability During the Last Glacial Maximum Z. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082960
- Roles of Sea Ice–Surface Wind Feedback in Maintaining the Glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Climate S. Sherriff-Tadano & A. Abe-Ouchi https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0431.1
- Glacial ocean circulation and stratification explained by reduced atmospheric temperature M. Jansen https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610438113
- Atlantic ocean currents defied the ice age https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00324-2
- Response of a comprehensive climate model to a broad range of external forcings: relevance for deep ocean ventilation and the development of late Cenozoic ice ages E. Galbraith & C. de Lavergne https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4157-8
- Enhanced North Pacific deep-ocean stratification by stronger intermediate water formation during Heinrich Stadial 1 X. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08606-2
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- Analysis of the surface mass balance for deglacial climate simulations M. Kapsch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1131-2021
- Surface Flux Drivers for the Slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a High‐Resolution Global Coupled Climate Model D. Putrasahan et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001447
- Relatively warm deep-water formation persisted in the Last Glacial Maximum J. Wharton et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10012-2
- Does a difference in ice sheets between Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 5a affect the duration of stadials? Implications from hosing experiments S. Sherriff-Tadano et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1919-2021
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- The Stability of the AMOC During Heinrich Events Is Not Dependent on the AMOC Strength in an Intermediate Complexity Earth System Model Ensemble M. Goes et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003580
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- Timing and magnitude of Southern Ocean sea ice/carbon cycle feedbacks K. Stein et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908670117
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Millennial‐Scale Climate Oscillations Triggered by Deglacial Meltwater Discharge in Last Glacial Maximum Simulations Y. Romé et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004451
- Glacial mode shift of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation by warming over the Southern Ocean A. Oka et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00226-3
- Glacial AMOC shoaling despite vigorous tidal dissipation: vertical stratification matters Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2001-2024
- Dynamic Effect of Last Glacial Maximum Ice Sheet Topography on the East Asian Summer Monsoon Y. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0562.1
- Deep water [CO32−] and circulation in the south China sea over the last glacial cycle S. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106499
- Dynamic hydrological discharge modelling for coupled climate model simulations of the last glacial cycle: the MPI-DynamicHD model version 3.0 T. Riddick et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4291-2018
- Machine-learning nowcasting of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Z. Zhai et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0207539
- Heinrich events show two-stage climate response in transient glacial simulations F. Ziemen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-153-2019
- East Atlantic Pattern Drives Multidecadal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability During the Last Glacial Maximum Z. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082960
- Roles of Sea Ice–Surface Wind Feedback in Maintaining the Glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Climate S. Sherriff-Tadano & A. Abe-Ouchi https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0431.1
- Glacial ocean circulation and stratification explained by reduced atmospheric temperature M. Jansen https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610438113
- Atlantic ocean currents defied the ice age https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00324-2
- Response of a comprehensive climate model to a broad range of external forcings: relevance for deep ocean ventilation and the development of late Cenozoic ice ages E. Galbraith & C. de Lavergne https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4157-8
- Enhanced North Pacific deep-ocean stratification by stronger intermediate water formation during Heinrich Stadial 1 X. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08606-2
- Arctic warming induced by the Laurentide Ice Sheet topography J. Liakka & M. Lofverstrom https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-887-2018
- Analysis of the surface mass balance for deglacial climate simulations M. Kapsch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1131-2021
- Surface Flux Drivers for the Slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a High‐Resolution Global Coupled Climate Model D. Putrasahan et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001447
- Relatively warm deep-water formation persisted in the Last Glacial Maximum J. Wharton et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10012-2
- Does a difference in ice sheets between Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 5a affect the duration of stadials? Implications from hosing experiments S. Sherriff-Tadano et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1919-2021
- Large-ensemble simulations of the North American and Greenland ice sheets at the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmospheric general circulation–ice sheet model S. Sherriff-Tadano et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1489-2024
- The influence of the ocean circulation state on ocean carbon storage and CO2 drawdown potential in an Earth system model M. Ödalen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1367-2018
- Two AMOC States in Response to Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in the Coupled Climate Model MPI-ESM M. Klockmann et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0859.1
- Evaluating seasonal sea-ice cover over the Southern Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum R. Green et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-845-2022
- The Stability of the AMOC During Heinrich Events Is Not Dependent on the AMOC Strength in an Intermediate Complexity Earth System Model Ensemble M. Goes et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003580
- Coupling of the Subpolar Gyre and the Overturning Circulation During Abrupt Glacial Climate Transitions M. Klockmann et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090361
- The PMIP4 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3 simulations M. Kageyama et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021
- Dansgaard–Oeschger events in climate models: review and baseline Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) protocol I. Malmierca-Vallet & L. Sime https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-915-2023
- The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 4: Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments M. Kageyama et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017
- Deglaciation and abrupt events in a coupled comprehensive atmosphere–ocean–ice-sheet–solid-earth model U. Mikolajewicz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-719-2025
- Equilibrium simulations of Marine Isotope Stage 3 climate C. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1133-2019
- Impact of mid-glacial ice sheets on deep ocean circulation and global climate S. Sherriff-Tadano et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-95-2021
- Ice sheet decline and rising atmospheric CO2 control AMOC sensitivity to deglacial meltwater discharge Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103755
- Local oceanic CO2 outgassing triggered by terrestrial carbon fluxes during deglacial flooding T. Extier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-273-2022
- Interactive ocean bathymetry and coastlines for simulating the last deglaciation with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM-v1.2) V. Meccia & U. Mikolajewicz https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4677-2018
- Enhanced large-scale atmospheric flow interaction with ice sheets at high model resolution F. Schenk & R. Vinuesa https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100030
- Harmonising plant functional type distributions for evaluating Earth system models A. Dallmeyer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-335-2019
- Evaluating the biological pump efficiency of the Last Glacial Maximum ocean using δ13C A. Morée et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-753-2021
- A multi-model assessment of the early last deglaciation (PMIP4 LDv1): a meltwater perspective B. Snoll et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-789-2024
- Timing and magnitude of Southern Ocean sea ice/carbon cycle feedbacks K. Stein et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908670117
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 30 Oct 2026
Short summary
We study the response of the glacial AMOC to different forcings in a coupled AOGCM. The depth of the upper overturning cell remains almost unchanged in response to the full glacial forcing. This is the result of two opposing effects: a deepening due to the ice sheets and a shoaling due to the low GHG concentrations. Increased brine release in the Southern Ocean is key to the shoaling. With glacial ice sheets, a shallower cell can be simulated with GHG concentrations below the glacial level.
We study the response of the glacial AMOC to different forcings in a coupled AOGCM. The depth of...
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