Tree ring effects and ice core acidities clarify the volcanic record of the first millennium

Baillie, M. G. L.; McAneney, J.

doi:10.5194/cp-11-105-2015

Articles | Volume 11, issue 1

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-105-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-105-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 11, issue 1

Research article

|

16 Jan 2015

Research article |

| 16 Jan 2015

Tree ring effects and ice core acidities clarify the volcanic record of the first millennium

M. G. L. Baillie and J. McAneney

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Total article views: 8,365 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

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XML: 273
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Views and downloads (calculated since 15 Apr 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Apr 2014	211	161	12	384
May 2014	103	52	7	162
Jun 2014	41	36	5	82
Jul 2014	37	25	2	64
Aug 2014	47	29	2	78
Sep 2014	61	24	7	92
Oct 2014	17	12	0	29
Nov 2014	49	21	2	72
Dec 2014	62	55	1	118
Jan 2015	350	194	12	556
Feb 2015	130	97	19	246
Mar 2015	64	33	3	100
Apr 2015	71	37	1	109
May 2015	67	26	6	99
Jun 2015	50	17	3	70
Jul 2015	61	49	2	112
Aug 2015	112	64	2	178
Sep 2015	46	31	1	78
Oct 2015	57	22	3	82
Nov 2015	55	20	7	82
Dec 2015	17	26	0	43
Jan 2016	47	23	1	71
Feb 2016	37	21	1	59
Mar 2016	32	18	0	50
Apr 2016	26	21	3	50
May 2016	19	13	0	32
Jun 2016	10	6	0	16
Jul 2016	22	4	1	27
Aug 2016	21	5	0	26
Sep 2016	24	7	1	32
Oct 2016	23	9	0	32
Nov 2016	18	5	0	23
Dec 2016	11	7	0	18
Jan 2017	23	5	1	29
Feb 2017	20	8	0	28
Mar 2017	41	11	3	55
Apr 2017	55	9	1	65
May 2017	54	20	5	79
Jun 2017	44	9	3	56
Jul 2017	29	3	2	34
Aug 2017	22	11	1	34
Sep 2017	22	10	0	32
Oct 2017	41	21	3	65
Nov 2017	20	14	2	36
Dec 2017	20	14	1	35
Jan 2018	22	16	1	39
Feb 2018	41	15	3	59
Mar 2018	24	11	2	37
Apr 2018	27	13	2	42
May 2018	20	10	0	30
Jun 2018	16	15	2	33
Jul 2018	25	16	2	43
Aug 2018	41	10	1	52
Sep 2018	37	18	4	59
Oct 2018	40	16	5	61
Nov 2018	53	31	2	86
Dec 2018	30	14	1	45
Jan 2019	20	17	4	41
Feb 2019	23	15	2	40
Mar 2019	24	19	0	43
Apr 2019	17	10	0	27
May 2019	16	15	0	31
Jun 2019	20	14	0	34
Jul 2019	20	6	0	26
Aug 2019	23	12	0	35
Sep 2019	11	10	0	21
Oct 2019	29	17	1	47
Nov 2019	19	12	1	32
Dec 2019	30	8	1	39
Jan 2020	22	9	1	32
Feb 2020	17	3	1	21
Mar 2020	13	14	0	27
Apr 2020	31	7	2	40
May 2020	7	11	0	18
Jun 2020	22	5	0	27
Jul 2020	42	37	32	111
Aug 2020	31	13	5	49
Sep 2020	14	2	0	16
Oct 2020	9	14	1	24
Nov 2020	17	6	0	23
Dec 2020	38	15	1	54
Jan 2021	36	16	0	52
Feb 2021	34	16	0	50
Mar 2021	24	9	0	33
Apr 2021	20	15	1	36
May 2021	29	18	0	47
Jun 2021	14	7	0	21
Jul 2021	20	23	0	43
Aug 2021	21	13	0	34
Sep 2021	23	19	0	42
Oct 2021	16	40	0	56
Nov 2021	20	20	0	40
Dec 2021	26	14	0	40
Jan 2022	35	25	0	60
Feb 2022	18	11	2	31
Mar 2022	18	16	1	35
Apr 2022	33	7	1	41
May 2022	18	19	1	38
Jun 2022	19	17	1	37
Jul 2022	16	14	0	30
Aug 2022	21	14	0	35
Sep 2022	16	7	0	23
Oct 2022	21	18	1	40
Nov 2022	29	16	0	45
Dec 2022	32	18	1	51
Jan 2023	21	16	0	37
Feb 2023	22	18	0	40
Mar 2023	27	22	3	52
Apr 2023	19	12	0	31
May 2023	26	19	3	48
Jun 2023	19	13	1	33
Jul 2023	20	10	1	31
Aug 2023	20	10	3	33
Sep 2023	32	12	0	44
Oct 2023	154	12	0	166
Nov 2023	124	3	0	127
Dec 2023	23	15	3	41
Jan 2024	24	11	2	37
Feb 2024	21	14	0	35
Mar 2024	15	9	3	27
Apr 2024	21	12	5	38
May 2024	28	16	9	53
Jun 2024	47	11	3	61
Jul 2024	29	20	2	51
Aug 2024	56	10	2	68
Sep 2024	27	13	0	40
Oct 2024	46	11	1	58
Nov 2024	30	13	7	50
Dec 2024	49	23	0	72
Jan 2025	28	11	2	41
Feb 2025	36	12	1	49
Mar 2025	35	16	2	53
Apr 2025	45	11	0	56
May 2025	78	22	1	101
Jun 2025	58	25	0	83
Jul 2025	48	23	2	73
Aug 2025	56	41	1	98
Sep 2025	41	18	1	60
Oct 2025	65	43	2	110
Nov 2025	81	48	1	130
Dec 2025	8	6	0	14

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 15 Apr 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Apr 2014	211	161	12	384
May 2014	103	52	7	162
Jun 2014	41	36	5	82
Jul 2014	37	25	2	64
Aug 2014	47	29	2	78
Sep 2014	61	24	7	92
Oct 2014	17	12	0	29
Nov 2014	49	21	2	72
Dec 2014	62	55	1	118
Jan 2015	350	194	12	556
Feb 2015	130	97	19	246
Mar 2015	64	33	3	100
Apr 2015	71	37	1	109
May 2015	67	26	6	99
Jun 2015	50	17	3	70
Jul 2015	61	49	2	112
Aug 2015	112	64	2	178
Sep 2015	46	31	1	78
Oct 2015	57	22	3	82
Nov 2015	55	20	7	82
Dec 2015	17	26	0	43
Jan 2016	47	23	1	71
Feb 2016	37	21	1	59
Mar 2016	32	18	0	50
Apr 2016	26	21	3	50
May 2016	19	13	0	32
Jun 2016	10	6	0	16
Jul 2016	22	4	1	27
Aug 2016	21	5	0	26
Sep 2016	24	7	1	32
Oct 2016	23	9	0	32
Nov 2016	18	5	0	23
Dec 2016	11	7	0	18
Jan 2017	23	5	1	29
Feb 2017	20	8	0	28
Mar 2017	41	11	3	55
Apr 2017	55	9	1	65
May 2017	54	20	5	79
Jun 2017	44	9	3	56
Jul 2017	29	3	2	34
Aug 2017	22	11	1	34
Sep 2017	22	10	0	32
Oct 2017	41	21	3	65
Nov 2017	20	14	2	36
Dec 2017	20	14	1	35
Jan 2018	22	16	1	39
Feb 2018	41	15	3	59
Mar 2018	24	11	2	37
Apr 2018	27	13	2	42
May 2018	20	10	0	30
Jun 2018	16	15	2	33
Jul 2018	25	16	2	43
Aug 2018	41	10	1	52
Sep 2018	37	18	4	59
Oct 2018	40	16	5	61
Nov 2018	53	31	2	86
Dec 2018	30	14	1	45
Jan 2019	20	17	4	41
Feb 2019	23	15	2	40
Mar 2019	24	19	0	43
Apr 2019	17	10	0	27
May 2019	16	15	0	31
Jun 2019	20	14	0	34
Jul 2019	20	6	0	26
Aug 2019	23	12	0	35
Sep 2019	11	10	0	21
Oct 2019	29	17	1	47
Nov 2019	19	12	1	32
Dec 2019	30	8	1	39
Jan 2020	22	9	1	32
Feb 2020	17	3	1	21
Mar 2020	13	14	0	27
Apr 2020	31	7	2	40
May 2020	7	11	0	18
Jun 2020	22	5	0	27
Jul 2020	42	37	32	111
Aug 2020	31	13	5	49
Sep 2020	14	2	0	16
Oct 2020	9	14	1	24
Nov 2020	17	6	0	23
Dec 2020	38	15	1	54
Jan 2021	36	16	0	52
Feb 2021	34	16	0	50
Mar 2021	24	9	0	33
Apr 2021	20	15	1	36
May 2021	29	18	0	47
Jun 2021	14	7	0	21
Jul 2021	20	23	0	43
Aug 2021	21	13	0	34
Sep 2021	23	19	0	42
Oct 2021	16	40	0	56
Nov 2021	20	20	0	40
Dec 2021	26	14	0	40
Jan 2022	35	25	0	60
Feb 2022	18	11	2	31
Mar 2022	18	16	1	35
Apr 2022	33	7	1	41
May 2022	18	19	1	38
Jun 2022	19	17	1	37
Jul 2022	16	14	0	30
Aug 2022	21	14	0	35
Sep 2022	16	7	0	23
Oct 2022	21	18	1	40
Nov 2022	29	16	0	45
Dec 2022	32	18	1	51
Jan 2023	21	16	0	37
Feb 2023	22	18	0	40
Mar 2023	27	22	3	52
Apr 2023	19	12	0	31
May 2023	26	19	3	48
Jun 2023	19	13	1	33
Jul 2023	20	10	1	31
Aug 2023	20	10	3	33
Sep 2023	32	12	0	44
Oct 2023	154	12	0	166
Nov 2023	124	3	0	127
Dec 2023	23	15	3	41
Jan 2024	24	11	2	37
Feb 2024	21	14	0	35
Mar 2024	15	9	3	27
Apr 2024	21	12	5	38
May 2024	28	16	9	53
Jun 2024	47	11	3	61
Jul 2024	29	20	2	51
Aug 2024	56	10	2	68
Sep 2024	27	13	0	40
Oct 2024	46	11	1	58
Nov 2024	30	13	7	50
Dec 2024	49	23	0	72
Jan 2025	28	11	2	41
Feb 2025	36	12	1	49
Mar 2025	35	16	2	53
Apr 2025	45	11	0	56
May 2025	78	22	1	101
Jun 2025	58	25	0	83
Jul 2025	48	23	2	73
Aug 2025	56	41	1	98
Sep 2025	41	18	1	60
Oct 2025	65	43	2	110
Nov 2025	81	48	1	130
Dec 2025	8	6	0	14

Latest update: 06 Dec 2025

Short summary

Ice core acidities agree with historical volcanic eruptions and tree ring effects in recent centuries, but in the 1st millennium, ice acid dates appear offset from tree ring evidence. This offset appears real between AD 1000 and 50 BC. If correct, then current identification of Vesuvius tephra at AD 79 is erroneous, and geophysicists are working with a false volcanic record especially regarding multiple eruptions in AD 536 and 540-541, highlighting a major global hazard in proximate eruptions.