This special issue is a MISTRALS/PaleoMex contribution to the understanding of the interactions between climate and Mediterranean societies since the beginning of the Neolithization. It generates and gathers Holocene archeological records, as well as continental and marine climate reconstructions, from natural archives from the eastern and western Mediterranean basins. Moreover, this program develops an integrated approach combining proxy data and new modeling tools to investigate the response of human societies to environmental and climate changes. It is embedded in the Euro-Mediterranean meta-program MISTRALS (Mediterranean Integrated Studies at Regional and Local Scales) under the umbrella of the Monitoring Committee (MoCo) for Euro-Mediterranean cooperation in Research, Technology and Development, Union for the Mediterranean (UfM).