Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-171-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-171-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Bridging the Faraoni and Selli oceanic anoxic events: late Hauterivian to early Aptian dysaerobic to anaerobic phases in the Tethys
K. B. Föllmi
Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
M. Bôle
Institut de Géologie et Hydrogéologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
present address: Departement für Erdwissenschaften, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
N. Jammet
Institut de Géologie et Hydrogéologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
P. Froidevaux
Institut de Géologie et Hydrogéologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
present address: Institut für Atmosphäre und Klima, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
A. Godet
Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
S. Bodin
Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
T. Adatte
Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
V. Matera
Institut de Géologie et Hydrogéologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
D. Fleitmann
Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
J. E. Spangenberg
Institut de Minéralogie et Géochimie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Related subject area
Subject: Carbon Cycle | Archive: Marine Archives | Timescale: Pre-Cenozoic
Warming drove the expansion of marine anoxia in the equatorial Atlantic during the Cenomanian leading up to Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
Driving mechanisms of organic carbon burial in the Early Cretaceous South Atlantic Cape Basin (DSDP Site 361)
Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events prolonged by phosphorus cycle feedbacks
Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK
Latest Permian carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation
Water-mass evolution in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America and equatorial Atlantic
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian–Maastrichtian) sea-surface temperature record of the Boreal Chalk Sea
Freshwater discharge controlled deposition of Cenomanian–Turonian black shales on the NW European epicontinental shelf (Wunstorf, northern Germany)
"OAE 3" – regional Atlantic organic carbon burial during the Coniacian–Santonian
Mohd Al Farid Abraham, Bernhard David A. Naafs, Vittoria Lauretano, Fotis Sgouridis, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 19, 2569–2580, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2569-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2569-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2), about 93.5 million years ago, is characterized by widespread deoxygenated ocean and massive burial of organic-rich sediments. Our results show that the marine deoxygenation at the equatorial Atlantic that predates the OAE 2 interval was driven by global warming and associated with the nutrient status of the site, with factors like temperature-modulated upwelling and hydrology-induced weathering contributing to enhanced nutrient delivery over various timescales.
Wolf Dummann, Sebastian Steinig, Peter Hofmann, Matthias Lenz, Stephanie Kusch, Sascha Flögel, Jens Olaf Herrle, Christian Hallmann, Janet Rethemeyer, Haino Uwe Kasper, and Thomas Wagner
Clim. Past, 17, 469–490, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-469-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-469-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the climatic mechanism that controlled the deposition of organic matter in the South Atlantic Cape Basin during the Early Cretaceous. The presented geochemical and climate modeling data suggest that fluctuations in riverine nutrient supply were the main driver of organic carbon burial on timescales < 1 Myr. Our results have implications for the understanding of Cretaceous atmospheric circulation patterns and climate-land-ocean interactions in emerging ocean basins.
Sebastian Beil, Wolfgang Kuhnt, Ann Holbourn, Florian Scholz, Julian Oxmann, Klaus Wallmann, Janne Lorenzen, Mohamed Aquit, and El Hassane Chellai
Clim. Past, 16, 757–782, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-757-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-757-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Comparison of Cretaceous OAE1a and OAE2 in two drill cores with unusually high sedimentation rates shows that long-lasting negative δ13C excursions precede the positive δ13C excursions and that the evolution of the marine δ13C positive excursions is similar during both OAEs, although the durations of individual phases differ substantially. Phosphorus speciation data across OAE2 and the Mid-Cenomanian Event suggest a positive feedback loop, enhancing marine productivity during OAEs.
Elizabeth Atar, Christian März, Andrew C. Aplin, Olaf Dellwig, Liam G. Herringshaw, Violaine Lamoureux-Var, Melanie J. Leng, Bernhard Schnetger, and Thomas Wagner
Clim. Past, 15, 1581–1601, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1581-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1581-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a geochemical and petrographic study of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation from the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire, UK). Our results indicate that deposition during this interval was very dynamic and oscillated between three distinct modes of sedimentation. In line with recent modelling results, we propose that these highly dynamic conditions were driven by changes in climate, which affected continental weathering, enhanced primary productivity, and led to organic carbon enrichment.
Martin Schobben, Sebastiaan van de Velde, Jana Gliwa, Lucyna Leda, Dieter Korn, Ulrich Struck, Clemens Vinzenz Ullmann, Vachik Hairapetian, Abbas Ghaderi, Christoph Korte, Robert J. Newton, Simon W. Poulton, and Paul B. Wignall
Clim. Past, 13, 1635–1659, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1635-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1635-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Stratigraphic trends in the carbon isotope composition of calcium carbonate rock can be used as a stratigraphic tool. An important assumption when using these isotope chemical records is that they record a globally universal signal of marine water chemistry. We show that carbon isotope scatter on a confined centimetre stratigraphic scale appears to represent a signal of microbial activity. However, long-term carbon isotope trends are still compatible with a primary isotope imprint.
James S. Eldrett, Paul Dodsworth, Steven C. Bergman, Milly Wright, and Daniel Minisini
Clim. Past, 13, 855–878, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-855-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-855-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This contribution integrates new data on the main components of organic matter, geochemistry, and stable isotopes for the Cenomanian to Coniacian stages of the Late Cretaceous, along a north–south transect from the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway to the equatorial western Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Distinct palynological assemblages and geochemical signatures allow insights into palaeoenvironmental conditions and water-mass evolution during this greenhouse climate period.
Nicolas Thibault, Rikke Harlou, Niels H. Schovsbo, Lars Stemmerik, and Finn Surlyk
Clim. Past, 12, 429–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-429-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-429-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present here for the first time a very high-resolution record of sea-surface temperature changes in the Boreal Chalk Sea for the last 8 million years of the Cretaceous. This record was obtained from 1932 bulk oxygen isotope measurements, and their interpretation into temperature trends is validated by similar trends observed from changes in phytoplankton assemblages.
N. A. G. M. van Helmond, A. Sluijs, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, G.-J. Reichart, S. Voigt, J. Erbacher, J. Pross, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 11, 495–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the chemistry and microfossils preserved in sediments deposited in a shallow sea, in the current Lower Saxony region (NW Germany), we conclude that changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun led to enhanced rainfall and organic matter production. The additional supply of organic matter, depleting oxygen upon degradation, and freshwater, inhibiting the mixing of oxygen-rich surface waters with deeper waters, caused the development of oxygen-poor waters about 94 million years ago.
M. Wagreich
Clim. Past, 8, 1447–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1447-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1447-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Algeo, T. J. and Ingall, E.: Sedimentary C$_{\rm org}$:P ratios, paleocean ventilation, and Phanerozoic atmospheric pO2, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 256, 130–155, 2007.
Algeo, T. J. and Maynard, J. B.: Trace-element behavior and redox facies in core shales of Upper Pennsylvanian Kansas-type cyclothems, Chem. Geol., 206, 289–318, 2004.
Arthur, M. A. and Premoli Silva, I.: Development of widespread organic carbon-rich strata in the mediterranean Tethys, in: Nature and Origin of Cretaceous Carbon-rich Facies, edited by: Schlanger, S. O. and Cita, M. B., Academic Press, London, 7–54, 1982.
Arthur, M. A., Jenkyns, H. C., Brumsack, H. J., and Schlanger, S. O.: Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoceanography of organic carbon–rich Cretaceous sequences, in: Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms: Background and Plans for Research, edited by: Ginsburg, R. N. and Beaudoin, B., NATO ASI Series, C 304, 75–119, 1990.
Baudin, F.: A late Hauterivian short-lived anoxic event in the Mediterranean Tethys: the "Faraoni event", Compt. Rend. Geosc., 337, 1532–1540, 2005.
Baudin, F., Deconinck, J.-F., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Strasser, A., and Arnaud, H.: Organic geochemistry and clay mineralogy of Lower Cretaceous sediments from Allison and Resolution Guyots (Sites 865 and 866), Mid-Pacific Mountains, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 143, edited by: Winterer, E. L., Sager, W. W., Firth, J. V., and Sinton, J. M., College Station, 173–196, 1995.
Baudin, F., Faraoni, P., Marini, A., and Pallini, G.: Organic matter characterisation of the "Faraoni Level" from northern Italy (Lessini Mountains and Trento Plateau): comparison with that from Umbria-Marche Apennines, Palaeopelagos, 7, 41–51, 1997.
Baudin, F., Bulot, L. G., Cecca, F., Coccioni, R., Gardin, S., and Renard, M.: Un équivalent du "Niveau Faraoni" dans le bassin du Sud-Est de la France, indice possible d'un événement anoxique fini-hauterivien étendu à la Téthys méditerranéenne, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 170, 487–498, 1999.
Baudin, F., Cecca, F., Galeotti, S., and Coccioni, R.: Palaeoenvironmental controls of the distribution of organic matter within a C$_{\rm org}$-rich marker bed (Faraoni level, uppermost Hauterivian, central Italy), Eclog. Geol. Helv., 95, 1–13, 2002.
Bellanca, A., Erba, E., Neri, R., Premoli Silva, I., Sprovieri, M., Tremolada, F., and Verga, D.: Palaeoceanographic significance of the Tethyan "Livello Selli" (early Aptian) from the Hybla Formation, northwestern Sicily: biostratigraphy and high-resolution chemostratigraphic records, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 185, 175–196, 2002.
Bersezio, R., Erba, E., Gorza, M., and Riva, A.: Berriasian-Aptian black shales of the Maiolica formation (Lombardian basin, southern Alps, northern Italy): local to global events, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 180, 253–275, 2002.
Bodin, S., Godet, A., Föllmi, K. B., Vermeulen, J., Arnaud, H., Strasser, A., Fiet, N., and Adatte, T.: The late Hauterivian Faraoni oceanic anoxic event in the western Tethys: evidence from phosphorus burial rates, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 235, 245–264, 2006a.
Bodin, S., Godet, A., Vermeulen, J., Linder, P., and Föllmi K. B.: Biostratigraphy, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the latest Hauterivian – early Barremian drowning episode of the Northern Tethyan margin (Altmann Member, Helvetic nappes, Switzerland), Eclog. Geol. Helv., 99, 157–174, 2006b.
Bodin, S., Godet, A., Matera, V., Steinmann, P., Vermeulen, J., Gardin, S., Adatte, T., and Föllmi, K. B.: Enrichment of redox-sensitive trace metals (U, V, Mo, As) associated with the late Hauterivian Faraoni oceanic anoxic event, Int. J. Earth Sci., 96, 327–341, 2007.
Bodin, S., Fiet, N., Godet, A., Matera, V., Westermann, S., Clément, A., Janssen, N. M. M., Stille, P., and Föllmi, K. B.: Early Cretaceous (late Berriasian to early Aptian) palaeoceanographic change along the northwestern Tethyan margin (Vocontian Trough, southeastern France): δ13C, δ18O and Sr-isotope belemnite and whole-rock records, Cret. Res., 30, 1247–1262, 2009.
Bralower, T. J., Arthur, M. A., Leckie, R. M., Sliter, W. V., Allard, D. J., and Schlanger, S. O.: Timing and paleoceanography of oceanic dysoxia/anoxia in the late Barremian to early Aptian (Early Cretaceous), Palaios, 9, 335–369, 1994.
Bralower, T. J., Premoli Silva, I., and Malone, M. J.: New evidence for abrupt climate change in the Cretaceous and Paleogene: an Ocean Drilling Program expedition to Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific, GSA Today, 12, 4–10, 2002.
Bréhéret, J. G.: Episodes de sédimentation riche en matière organique dans les Marnes Bleues d'âge Aptien et Albien de la partie pélagique du bassin Vocontien, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 8, 349–356, 1988.
Brumsack, H.-J.: The trace metal content of recent organic carbon-rich sediments: Implications for Cretaceous black shales formation, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 232, 344–361, 2006.
Busnardo, R., Charollais, J., Weidmann, M., and Clavel, B.: Le Crétacé inférieur de la Veveyse de Châtel (Ultrahelvétique des Préalpes externes; canton de Fribourg, Suisse), Rev. Paléobiol., 22, 1–174, 2003.
Channell, J. E. T. and Erba, E.: Early Cretaceous polarity chrons CM0 to CM11 recorded in northern Italian land sections near Brescia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 108, 161–179, 1992.
Channell, J. E. T., Bralower, T. J., and Grandesso, P.: Biostratigraphic correlation of Mesozoic polarity chrons CM1 to CM23 at Capriolo and Xausa (Southern Alps, Italy), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 85, 203–221, 1987.
Channell, J. E. T., Erba, E., and Lini, A.: Magnetostratigraphic calibration of the late Valanginian carbon isotope event in pelagic limestones from northern Italy and Switzerland, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 118, 145–166, 1993.
Channell, J. E. T., Cecca, F., and Erba, E.: Correlations of Hauterivian and Barremian (Early Cretaceous) stage boundaries to polarity chrons, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 134, 125–140, 1995.
Channell, J. E. T., Erba, E., Muttoni, G., and Tremolada, F.: Early Cretaceous magnetic stratigraphy in the Apticore drill core and adjacent outcrop at Cismon (Southern Alps, Italy), and correlation to the proposed Barremian-Aptian boundary stratotype, GSA Bulletin, 112, 1430–1443, 2000.
Cecca, F., Marini, A., Pallini, G., Baudin, F., and Begouen, V.: A guide-level of the uppermost Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) in the pelagic succession of Umbria-Marche Apennines (Central Italy): the Faraoni Level, Riv. Ital. Paleont. Stratigr., 99, 551–568, 1994.
Cecca, F., Galeotti, S., Coccioni, R., and Erba, E.: The equivalent of the "Faraoni Level" (uppermost Hauterivian, Lower Cretaceous) recorded in the eastern part of Trento Plateau (Venetian southern Alps, Italy), Riv. Ital. Paleont. Stratigr., 102, 417–424, 1996.
Coccioni, R., Nesci, O., Tramontana, M., Wezel, F.-C., and Moretti, E.: Descrizione di un livello-guida "radiolaritico-bituminoso-ittiolitico" alla base delle Marne a Fucoidi nell'Appennino umbro-marchigiano, Boll. Soc. Geol. Italia, 106, 183–192, 1987.
Coccioni, R., Baudin, F., Cecca, F., Chiari, M., Galeotti, S., Gardin, S., and Salvini, G.: Integrated stratigraphic, palaeontological, and geochemical analysis of the uppermost Hauterivian Faraoni Level in the Fiume Bosso section, Umbria-Marche Apennines, Italy, Cret. Res., 19, 1–23, 1998.
Coccioni, R., Luciani, V., and Marsili, A.: Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events and radially elongated chambered planktonic foraminifera: paleoecological and paleoceanographic implications, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 235, 66–92, 2006.
Company, M., Aguado, R., Sandoval, J., Tavera, J. M., Jiménez de Cisneros, C., and Vera, J. A.:. Biotic changes linked to a minor anoxic event (Faraoni level, latest Hauterivian, Early Cretaceous), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 224, 186–199, 2005.
Deconinck, J.-F. and Bernoulli, D.: Clay mineral assemblages of Mesozoic pelagic and flysch sediments of the Lombardian Basin (Southern Alps): implications for palaeotectonics, palaeoclimate and diagenesis, Geol. Rundsch., 80, 1–17, 1991.
De Wever, P., O'Dogherty, L., Caridroit, M., Dumitrica, P., Guex, J., Nigrini, C., and Caulet, J.-P.: Diversity of radiolarian families through time, Bull. Soc. géol. France, 174, 453–469, 2003.
Eaton, A. D., Clesceri, L. S., and Greenberg, A. E.: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition, American Public Health Association, USA, 4113–4114, 1995
Erba, E., Channell, J. E. T., Claps, M., Jones, C., Larson, R., Opdyke, B., Premoli-Silva, I., Riva, A., Salvini, G., and Torricelli, S.: Integrated stratigraphy of the Cismon Apticore (southern Alps, Italy): a "reference section" for the Barremian-Aptian interval at low latitudes, J. Foram. Res., 29, 371–391, 1999.
Erba, E., Bottini, C., Weissert, H. J., and Keller, C. E.: Calcareous nannoplankton response to surface-water acidification around oceanic anoxic event 1a, Science, 329, 428–432, 2010.
Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., and Marquis, F.: La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications, Rev. Inst. Français Pétr., 40, 563–579, 1985.
Faraoni, P., Marini, A., Pallini, G., and Pezzoni, N.: The Maiolica Formation of the Lessini Mountains and central Apennines (northeastern and central Italy): a correlation based on new biolithostratigraphical data from the uppermost Hauterivian, Palaeopelagos, 6, 249–259, 1997.
Fiet, N. and Gorin, G.: Lithological expression of Milankovitch cyclicity in carbonate-dominated, pelagic, Barremian deposits in central Italy, Cret. Res., 21, 457–467, 2000.
Filippelli, G. M.: The global phosphorus cycle: past, present, and future, Elements, 4, 89–95, 2008.
Föllmi, K. B.: 160 m.y. record of marine sedimentary phosphorus burial: Coupling of climate and continental weathering under greenhouse and icehouse conditions, Geology, 23, 859–862, 1995.
Föllmi, K. B.: The phosphorus cycle, phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits, Earth-Sci. Rev., 40, 55–124, 1996.
Föllmi, K. B., Godet, A., Bodin, S., and Linder, P.: Interactions between environmental change and shallow-water carbonate build-up along the northern Tethyan margin and their impact on the Early Cretaceous carbon-isotope record, Paleoceanography, 21, PA4211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001313, 2006.
Föllmi, K. B., Bodin, S., Godet, A., Linder, P., and van de Schootbrugge, B.: Unlocking paleo-environmental information from Early Cretaceous shelf sediments in the Helvetic Alps: stratigraphy is the key!, Swiss J. Geosci., 100, 349–369, 2007.
Godet, A., Bodin, S., Föllmi, K. B., Vermeulen, J., Gardin, S., Fiet, N., Adatte, T., Berner, Z., Stüben, D., and van de Schootbrugge, B.: Evolution of the marine stable carbon-isotope record during the Early Cretaceous: a focus on the late Hauterivian and Barremian in the Tethyan realm, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 242, 254–271, 2006.
Godet, A., Bodin, S., Adatte, T., and Föllmi, K. B.: Platform-induced clay-mineral fractionation along a northern Tethyan basin-platform transect: implications for the interpretation of Early Cretaceous climate change (late Hauterivian-early Aptian), Cret. Res., 29, 830–847, 2008.
Godet, A., Föllmi, K. B., Bodin. S., de Kaenel, E., Matera, V., and Adatte, T.: Stratigraphic, sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental constraints on the rise of the Urgonian platform in the western Swiss Jura, Sedimentology, 57, 1088–1125, 2010.
Heldt, M., Bachmann, M., and Lehmann, J.: Microfacies, biostratigraphy, and geochemistry of the hemipelagic Barremian-Aptian in north-central Tunisia: Influence of the OAE 1a on the southern Tethys margin, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 261, 246–260, 2008.
Herbert, T. D.: Paleomagnetic calibration of Milankovitch cyclicity in Lower Cretaceous sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 112, 15–28, 1992.
Hoedemaeker, P. J. and Leereveld, H.: Biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Berriasian-lowest Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Rio Argos succession, Caravaca, SE Spain, Cret. Res., 16, 195–230, 1995.
Jenkyns, H. C.: Cretaceous anoxic events. From continents to oceans, J. Geol. Soc. London, 137, 171–188, 1980.
Kemper, E. and Zimmerle, W.: Die anoxischen Sedimente der prä-oberaptischen Unterkreide NW-Deutschlands und ihr paläogeographischer Rahmen, Geol. Jb., A 45, 3–41, 1978.
Masse, J.-P. and Fenerci-Masse, M.: Time contrasting palaeobiogeographies among Hauterivian–lower Aptian rudist bivalves from the Mediterranean Tethys, their climatic control and palaeoecological implications, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 269, 54–65, 2008
Menegatti, A. P., Weissert, H., Brown, R. S., Tyson, R. V., Farrimond, P., Strasser, A., and Caron, M.: High-resolution δ13C stratigraphy through the early Aptian "Livello Selli" of the Alpine Tethys, Paleoceanography, 13, 530–545, 1998.
Mort, M., Adatte, T., Föllmi, K. B., Keller, G., Steinmann, P., Matera, V., Berner, Z., and Stüben, D.: Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and nutrient recycling during oceanic event 2, Geology, 35, 483–486, 2007.
Mutterlose, J. and Ruffell, A.: Milankovitch-scale palaeoclimate changes in pale–dark bedding rhythms from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian and Barremian) of eastern England and northern Germany, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 154, 133–160, 1999.
Mutterlose, J., Pauly, S., and Steuber, T.: Temperature controlled deposition of Early Cretaceous (Barremian-early Aptian) black shales in an epicontinental sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 273, 330–345, 2009.
Mutterlose, J., Malkoc, M., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Forster, A.: TEX86 and stable δ18O paleothermometry of Early Cretaceous sediments: Implications for belemnite ecology and paleotemperature proxy application, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 298, 286–298, 2010.
O'Dogherty, L. and Guex, J.: Rates and patttern of evolution among Cretaceous radiolarians: relations with global paleoceanographic events, Micropal., 48 (Suppl. 1), 1–22, 2002.
Renz, P. and Habicht, K.: A correlation of the Tethyan Maiolica Formation of the Breggia section (southern Switzerland) with Early Cretaceous coccolith oozes of Site 534A, DSDP Leg 76 in the western Atlantic, Eclog. Geol. Helv., 78, 383–431, 1985.
Rieber, H.: Eine Ammonitenfauna aus der oberen Maiolica der Breggia-Schlucht (Tessin/Schweiz), Eclog. Geol. Helv., 70, 777–787, 1977.
Ruffell, A. H. and Batten, D. J.: The Barremian-Aptian arid phase in western Europe, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 80, 197–212, 1990.
Ruttenberg, K. C.: The global phosphorus cycle, in: Biogeochemistry, edited by: Schlesinger, W. H., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 8, 585–643, 2004.
Schlanger, S. O. and Jenkyns, H. C.: Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences, Geol. Mijnbouw, 55, 179–184, 1976.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1149, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports 185, edited by: Plank, T., Ludden, J. N., Escutia, C., Abrams, L., Alt, J. C., Armstrong, R. N., Barr, S., Bartolini, A., Cairns, G., Fisk, M. R., Guèrin, G., Haveman, S. A., Hirono, T., Honnorez. J., Kelley, K. A., Larson, R. L., Lozar, F. M., Murray, R. W., Pletsch, T. K., Pockalny, R. A., Rouxel, O., Schmidt, A., Smith, D. C., Spivack, A. J., Staudigel, H., Steiner, M. B., and Valentine, R. B.: College Station, 1–190, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.185.104.2000, 2000.
Sliter, W. V.: Aptian anoxia in the Pacific Basin, Geology, 17, 909–912, 1989.
Slomp, C. P., Thomson, J. and de Lange, G. J.: Controls on phosphorus regeneration and burial during formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels, Mar. Geol., 203, 141–159, 2004.
Sprovieri, M., Coccioni, R., Lirer, F., Pelosi, N., and Lozar, F.: Orbital tuning of a Lower Cretaceous composite record (Maiolica Formation, central Italy), Paleoceanography, 21, PA4204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001224, 2006.
Stein, M., Föllmi, K. B., Westermann, S., Godet, A., Adatte, T., Matera, V., and Berner, Z.: Progressive palaeoenvironmental change during the late Barremian – early Aptian as prelude to Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a: Evidence from the Gorgo a Cerbara section (Umbria-Marche basin, central Italy), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli., 302, 396–406, 2011.
Stein, M., Arnaud-Vanneau, A., Adatte, T., Fleitmann, D., Spangenberg, J., and Föllmi, K. B.: Paleoenvironmental and paleoecological change on the northern Tethyan carbonate platform during the late Barremian-earliest Aptian, Sedimentology, online first, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01286.x, 2012.
Stein, R., Rullkötter, J., Littke, R., Schaefer, R. G., and Welte, D. H.: Organofacies reconstruction and lipid geochemistry of sediments from the Galicia Margin, Northeast Atlantic (ODP-Leg 103), in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 103, edited by: Boillot, G., Winterer, E. L., Meyer, A. W., Applegate, J., Baltuck, M., Bergen, J. A., Comas, M. C., Dunham, K., Evans, C. A., Girardeau, J., Goldberg, D., Haggerty, J. A., Jansa, L. F., Johnson, J. A., Kasahara, J., Loreau, J.-P., Luna, E., Moullade, M., Ogg, J. O., Sarti, M., Thurow, J., and Williamson, M. A., College Station, 567–585, 1988.
Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M.: The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution, Blackwell, Oxford, 312 pp., 1985.
Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M.: The geochemical evolution of the continental crust, Rev. Geoph., 33, 241–265, 1995.
Tejada, M. L. G., Suzuki, K., Kuroda, J., Coccioni, R., Mahoney, J. J., Ohkouchi, N., Sakamoto, T., and Tatsumi, Y.: Ontong Java plateau eruption as a trigger for the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event, Geology, 37, 855–858, 2009.
Tremolada, F., Erba, E., de Bernardi, B., and Cecca, F.: Calcareous nannofossil fluctuations during the late Hauterivian in the Cismon core (Venetian Alps, northeastern Italy) and in selected sections of the Umbria-Marche Basin (central Italy): paleoceanographic implications of the Faraoni Level, Cret. Res., 30, 505–514, 2009.
Tribovillard, N., Algeo, T. J., Lyons, T. W., and Riboulleau, A.: Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: an update, Chem. Geol., 232, 12–32, 2006.
Tyson, R. V., Esherwood, P., and Pattison, K. A.: Organic facies variations in the Valanginian–mid-Hauterivian interval of the Agrio Formation (Chos Malal area, Neuquén, Argentina): local significance and global context, in: The Neuquén Basin, Argentina: A Case Study in Sequence Stratigraphy and Basin Dynamics, edited by: Veiga, G. D., Spalletti, L. A., Howell, J. A., and Schwarz, E., Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 252, 251–266, 2005.
Venturati, A.: Planktonic foraminiferal biotic response to the late Hauterivian Faraoni event in the Rio Argos section (southern Spain). International symposium on Cretaceous major geological events and Earth system – workshop on Cretaceous oceanic red beds (IGCP 463 & 494), 3–5 September 2006, Abstract volume, 46, 2006.
Weissert, H.: Die Paläoozeanographie der südwestlichen Tethys in der Unterkreide, Mitt. Geol. Inst. ETH Zürich Univ. Zürich, 226, 174 p., 1979.
Weissert, H.: The environment of deposition of black shales in the Early Cretaceous: An ongoing controversy, in: The Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Decade of Progress, edited by: Warme, J. E., Douglas, R. G., and Winterer, E. L., SEPM Spec. Publ., 32, 547–560, 1981a.
Weissert, H.: Depositional processes in an ancient pelagic environment: the Lower Cretaceous Maiolica of the Southern Alps, Eclog. Geol. Helv., 74, 339–352, 1981b.
Weissert, H. and Erba, E.: Volcanism, CO2 and palaeoclimate: a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous carbon and oxygen isotope record, J. Geol. Soc. London, 161, 695–702, 2004.
Weissert, H., McKenzie, J. A., and Hochuli, P.: Cyclic anoxic event in the Early Cretaceous Tethys ocean, Geology, 7, 147–151, 1979.
Weissert, H., McKenzie, J. A., and Channell, J. E. T.: Natural variations in the carbon cycle during the Early Cretaceous, in: The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, edited by: Sundquist, E. T. and Broecker, W. S., Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 32, 531–545, 1985.
Westermann, S.: Trace-element and phosphorus contents in sediments associated with Cretaceous anoxic events, Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Lausanne, 223 pp., 2010.
Westermann, S., Föllmi, K. B., Adatte, T., Matera, V., Schnyder, J., Fleitmann, D., Fiet, N., Ploch, I., and Duchamp-Alphonse, S.: The Valanginian δ13C excursion may not be an expression of a global oceanic anoxic event, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 290, 118–131, 2010.
Wissler, L., Weissert, H., Masse, J.-P., and Bulot, L. G.: Chemostratigraphic correlation of Barremian and lower Aptian ammonite zones and magnetic reversals, Geol. Rundschau, 91, 272–279, 2002.