Articles | Volume 6, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-345-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-345-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
09 Jun 2010
Millennial and sub-millennial scale climatic variations recorded in polar ice cores over the last glacial period
E. Capron
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-UMR INSU/CNRS 8212-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
A. Landais
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-UMR INSU/CNRS 8212-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
J. Chappellaz
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-UJF, 38400 St Martin d'Hères, France
A. Schilt
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
D. Buiron
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-UJF, 38400 St Martin d'Hères, France
D. Dahl-Jensen
Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, Univ. of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
S. J. Johnsen
Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, Univ. of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
J. Jouzel
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-UMR INSU/CNRS 8212-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
B. Lemieux-Dudon
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-UJF, 38400 St Martin d'Hères, France
L. Loulergue
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-UJF, 38400 St Martin d'Hères, France
M. Leuenberger
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
V. Masson-Delmotte
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-UMR INSU/CNRS 8212-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
H. Meyer
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, P.O. Box 120161, 27515, Bremerhaven, Germany
H. Oerter
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, P.O. Box 120161, 27515, Bremerhaven, Germany
B. Stenni
University of Trieste, Department of Geosciences, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
Cited articles
Alley, R. B., Mayewski, P. A., Sowers, T., Stuiver, M., Taylor, K. C., and Clark, P. U.: Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 years ago, Geology 25, 483–486, 1997.
Barker, S., Diz, P., Jautravers, M. J., Pike, J., Knorr, G., Hall, I. R., and Broecker, W. S.: Interhemispheric Atlantic seesaw response during the last deglaciation, Nature 457, 1097–1102, 2009.
Bender, M., Sowers, T., Dickson, M. L., Orchardo, J., Grootes, P., Mayewski, P. A., and Meese, D. A.: Climate Correlations between Greenland and Antarctica during the Past 100 000 Years, Nature 372, 663–666, 1994.
Bintanja, R., van de Wal, R. S. W., and Oerlemans, J.: Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years, Nature, 437, 125–128, 2005.
Björck, S., Walker, M. J. C., Cwynar, L. C., Johnsen, S., Knudsen, K. L., Lowe, J. J., and Wohlfarth, B.: An event stratigraphy for the Last Termination in the north Atlantic region based on the Greenland ice-core record: a proposal by the INTIMATE group, J. Quaternary Sci., 13, 283–292, 1998.
Blunier, T., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Dällenbach, A., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Clausen, H. B., Hammer, C. U., and Johnsen, S. J.: Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period, Nature 394, 739–743, 1998.
Blunier, T. and Brook, E. J.: Timing of millennial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period, Science, 291, 109–112, 2001.
Blunier, T., Spahni, R., Barnola, J.-M., Chappellaz, J., Loulergue, L., and Schwander, J.: Synchronization of ice core records via atmospheric gases, Clim. Past, 3, 325–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-325-2007, 2007.
Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Huon, H., Broecker, W. S., Labeyrie, L., Andrews, J., McManus, J., Clasen, S., Tedesco, K., Jantschik, R., and Simet, C.: Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the glacial Northern Atlantic, Nature, 360, 245–249, 1992.
Bond, G., Broecker, W., Johnsen, S., McManus, J., Labeyrie L., Jouzel J., and Bonani, G.: Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice, Nature 365, 143–147, 1993.
Boyle, E. A.: Cool tropical temperatures shift the global $\delta ^{18}$O-T relationship: An explanation for the ice core δ18O borehole thermometry conflict?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 273–276, 1997.
Brauer, A., Allen, J. R. M., Mingram, J., Dulski, P., Wulf, S., and Huntley, B.: Evidence for interglacial chronology and environmental change from Southern Europe, PNAS 104/2, 450–455, 2007.
Braun, H., Ditlevsen, P., and Chialvo, D. R.: Solar forced Dansgaard-Oeschger events and their phase relation with solar proxies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L06703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033414, 2008.
Broecker, W. S.: Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: A bipolar seesaw?, Paleoceanography 13, 119–121, 1998.
Broecker, W. S.: Does the Trigger for Abrupt Climate Change Reside in the Ocean or in the Atmosphere?, Science, 300, 1519–1522, 2003.
Broecker, W. S., Bond, G., Klas, M., Bonani, G., and Wolfli, W.: A salt oscillator in the glacial Atlantic? The Concept, Paleoceanography, 5, 469–477, 1990.
Caillon, N., Severinghaus, J. P., Jouzel, J., Barnola, J.-M., Kang, J., and Lipenkov, V. Y.: Timing of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature changes across termination III, Science, 299, 1728–1731, 2001.
Capron, E., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Schilt A., Masson-Delmotte, V., Buiron, D., Chappellaz, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., and Oerter, H.: Synchronising EDML and NorthGRIP ice cores using δ18O of atmospheric oxygen ($\delta ^{18}O_{\rm atm})$ and CH4 measurements over MIS 5 (80–123 kyr), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 222–234, 2010.
Chapman, M. R., and Shackleton, N. J.: Millennial-scale fluctuations in North Atlantic heat flux during the last 150,000 years, Earth Planet Sc. Lett., 159, 57–70, 1998.
Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Raynaud, D., Barnola, J.-M., Schwander, J., and Stauffer, B.: Synchronous Changes in Atmospheric CH4 and Greenland Climate between 40 kyr and 8 kyr BP, Nature, 366, 443–445, 1993.
Charles, C., Rind, D., Jouzel, J., Koster, R., and Fairbanks, R.: Glacial-interglacial changes in moisture sources for Greenland: influences on the ice core record of climate, Science, 261, 508–511, 1994.
Clarke, G. K. C., Leverington, D. W., Teller, J. T., and Dyke, A. S.: Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200 yrs BP cold event, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 389–407, 2004.
Cortijo, E., Duplessy, J. C., Labeyrie, L., Leclaire, H., Duprat, J., and van Weering, T. C. E.: Eemian cooling in the Norwegian Sea and North Atlantic ocean preceding continental ice-sheet growth, Nature, 372, 446–449, 1994.
Crucifix, M. and Loutre, M. F.: Transient simulations over the last interglacial period (126–115 kyr BP): feedback and forcing analysis, Clim. Dynam., 19, 417–433, 2002.
Cuffey, K. M. and Clow, G. D.: Temperature, accumulation and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition, J. Geophys. Res., 102(C12), 26383–26396, 1995.
Dahl-Jensen, D., Mosegaard, K., Gundestrup, N., Clow, G. D., Johnsen, S. J., Hansen, A. W., and Balling, N.: Past temperatures directly from the Greenland ice sheet, Science, 282, 268–271, 1998.
Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Gogineni, P., and Miller, H.: Basal melt at NorthGRIP modeled from borehole, ice-core and radio-echo sounder observations, Ann. Glaciol., 37, 207–212, 2003.
Dansgaard, W.: Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus 16, 436–468, 1964.
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gunderstrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., Steffensen, J. P., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A., Jouzel, J., and Bond, G.: Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record, Nature, 364, 218–220, 1993.
de Abreu, L., Shackleton, N. J., Schönfeld, J., Hall , M., and Chapman, M. R.: Millennial-scale oceanic climate variability of the Western Iberian margin during the last glacial periods, Mar. Geol., 196, 1–20, 2003.
Denton, G. H., Alley, R. B., Comer, G. C., and Broecker, W. S.: The role of seasonality in abrupt climate change George, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1159–1182, 2005.
Ditlevsen, P. D., Kristensen, M. S., and Andersen, K. K.: The recurrence time of Dansgaard-Oeschger events and limits on the possible periodic component, J. Climate 18, 2594–2603, 2005.
Ditlevsen, P. D., Andersen, K. K., and Svensson, A.: The DO-climate events are probably noise induced: statistical investigation of the claimed 1470 years cycle, Clim. Past, 3, 129–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-129-2007, 2007.
Eisenman, I., Bitz, C. M., and Tziperman, E.: Rain driven by receding ice sheets as a cause of past climate change, Paleoceanography, 24, PA4209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001778, 2009.
EPICA-community-members: One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica, Nature, 444, 195–198, 2006.
Eynaud, F., Turon, J.-L., Sanchez-Goni, M.-F., and Gendreau, S.: Dinoflagellate cyst evidence of `Heinrich-like events' off Portugal during the Marine Isotopic Stage 5, Mar. Micropaleontol. 40, 9–21, 2000.
Fairbanks, R. G., Mortlock, R. A., Chiu, T.-C., Cao, L., Kaplan, A., Guilderson, T. P., Fairbanks, T. W., and Bloom, A. L.: Marine radiocarbon calibration curve spanning 10 000 to 50 000 years B.P. based on Paired 230Th/234U/238U and 14C dates on pristine corals, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1781–1796, 2005.
Fawcett, P. J., Agustdottir, A. M., Alley, R. B., and Shuman, C. A.: The younger dryas termination and North Atlantic deepwater formation: insights from climate model simulations and greenland ice data, Paleooceanography, 12, 23–38, 1996.
Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Badertscher, S., Edwards, R. L., Mudelsee, M., Göktürk O. M., Fankhauser, A., Pickering, R., C. Raible, C. C., Matter, A., Kramers, J., and Tüysüz, O.: Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040050, 2009.
Flückiger, J., Blunier, T., Stauffer, B., Chappellaz, J., Spahni, R., Kawamura, K., Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., and Dahl-Jensen, D.: N2O and CH4 variations during the last glacial epoch: Insight into global processes, Global. Biogechem. Cy., 18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002122, 2004.
Flückiger, J., Knutti, R., White, J. W. C., and Renssen, H.: Modeled seasonality of glacial abrupt climate events, Clim. Dynam. 31, 633–645, 2008.
Friedrich, T., Timmermann, A., Timm, O., Mouchet, A., and Roche, D. M.: Orbital modulation of millennial-scale climate variability in an earth system model of intermediate complexity, Clim. Past Discuss., 5, 2019–2051, https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-5-2019-2009, 2009.
Gallée, H., van Ypersele, J. P., Fichefet, T., Marsiat, I., Tricot, C., and Berger, A.: Simulation of the last glacial cycle by a coupled, sectorially averaged climate-ice sheet model. Part II : Response to insolation and CO variation, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15713–15740, 1992.
Ganopolski, A. and Rahmstorf, S.: Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model, Nature, 409, 153–158, 2001.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ouahdl, R., Gillmour, M., Baker, A., Jouzel, J., and Van-Exter, S.: Precise dating of Dansgaard Oeschger climate oscillations in western Europe from stalagmite data, Nature, 421, 833–837, 2003.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ghalebb, B., Plagnes, V., Causse, C., Bakalowicz, M., Zouarif, B., Chkir, N., Hellstrom, J., Wainer, K., and Bourges, F.: Timing and dynamics of the last deglaciation from European and North African δ13C stalagmite profiles-comparison with Chinese and South Hemisphere stalagmites, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2118–2142, 2006.
Gherardi, J. M., Labeyrie, L., Nave S., Francois, R., McManus, J. F., and Cortijo, E.: Glacial-interglacial circulation changes inferred from 231Pa/230Th sedimentary record in the North Atlantic region, Paleoceanography, 24, PA2204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001696, 2009.
Govin, A., Michel, E., Labeyrie, L., Waelbroeck, C., Dewilde, F., and Jansen, E.: Evidence for northward expansion of Antarctic Bottom Water mass in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial inception, Paleoceanography, 24, PA1202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001603, 2009.
Grachev, A. M., Brook, E. J., and Severinghaus, J. P.: Abrupt changes in atmospheric methane at the MIS5b-5a transition, Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029799, L207703, 2007.
Grachev, A. M., Brook, E. J., Severinghaus, J. P., and Pisias, N. G.: Relative Timing and Variability of Atmospheric Methane and GISP2 Oxygen Isotopes Between 68 and 86 ka., Global. Biogechem. Cy., 23, GB2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003330, 2009.
GRIP-members: Climate instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core, Nature, 364, 203–208, 1993.
Grootes, P. M., Stuiver, M., White, J. W. C., Johnsen, S. J., and Jouzel, J.: Comparison of the oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Nature, 366, 552–554, 1993.
Grootes, P. M., and Stuiver, M.: Oxygen 18/16 variability in Greenland snow and ice with 10−3– to 105-year time resolution, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26 455–26 470, 1997.
Guihou, A.: Reconstitutions des variations de la dynamique de la circulation méridienne Atlantique lors de la dernière entrée en glaciation par le rapport (231Pa/230Th) des sédiments marins, Thèse de doctorat de l'Université de Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, 160 pp., 2009.
Hendy, I. L. and Kennett, J. P.: Latest Quaternary North Pacific surface-water responses imply atmosphere-driven climate instability, Geology, 27, 291–294, 1999.
Heusser, L. and Oppo, D. W.: Millennial- and orbital-scale climate variability in southeastern United States and in the subtropical Atlantic during Marine Isotope Strage 5: evidence from pollen and isotopes in ODP Site 1059, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 214, 483–490, 2003.
Huber, C., Leuenberger, M., Spahni, R., Flückiger, J., Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., Johnsen, S., Landais, A., and Jouzel, J.: Isotope calibrated Greenland temperature record over Marine Isotope Stage 3 and its relation to CH4, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 243, 504–519, 2006.
Huybrechts, P., Rybak, O., Pattyn, F., Ruth, U., and Steinhage, D.: Ice thinning, upstream advection, and non-climatic biases for the upper 89\permil of the EDML ice core from a nested model of the Antarctic ice sheet, Clim. Past, 3, 577–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-577-2007, 2007.
Johnsen, S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Dansgaard, W., and Gundestrup, N.: Greenland palaeotemperatures derived from GRIP bore hole temperature and ice core isotope profiles, Tellus, 47B, 624–629, 1995.
Johnsen, S. J. Dansgaard, W., and White, J. W. C.: The origin of Arctic precipitation under present and glacial conditions, Tellus, 41, 452–469, 1989.
Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dansgaard, W., Fuhrer, K., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C. U., Iversen, P., Jouzel, J., Stauffer, B., and Steffensen, J. P.: Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core, Nature, 359, 311–313, 1992.
Johnsen, S. J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Steffensen, J. P., Henrick, B., Clausen, H. B., Miller, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., Sveinbjornsdottir, A., and White, J. W. C.: Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice-core stations: Camp Century, Dye-3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP, J. Quaternary Sci., 16, 299–307, 2001.
Jouzel, J., Alley, R. B., Cuffey, K. M., Dansgaard, W., Grootes, P., Hoffmann, G., Johnsen, S. J., Koster, R. D., Peel, D., Shuman, C. A., Stievenard, M., Stuiver, M., and White, J.: Validity of the temperature reconstruction from ice cores, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26 471–26 487, 1997.
Jouzel, J.: Calibrating the isotopic paleothermometer, Science, 286, 910–911, 1999.
Jouzel, J., Vimeux, F., Caillon, N., Delaygue, G., Hoffmann, G., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Parrenin, F.: Magnitude of the isotope/temperature scaling for interpretation of central Antarctic ice cores, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1029–1046, 2003.
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J.-M., Fisher, H., Gallet, J.-C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, J., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J.-L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800 000 years, Science, 317, 793–796, 2007.
Kageyama, M., Mignot, J., Swingedouw, D., Marzin, C., Alkama, R., and Marti, O.: Glacial climate sensitivity to different states of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: results from the IPSL model, Clim. Past, 5, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-551-2009, 2009.
Khodri, M., Leclainche, Y., Ramstein, G., Braconnot, P., Marti, O., and Cortijo, E.: Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation, Nature, 410, 570–574, 2001.
Khodri, M., Ramstein, G., de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., and Kageyama, M.: Sensitivityof the Northern extratropics hydrological cycle to the changing insolation forcing at the 126 and 115 ky BP, Clim. Dynam., 21, 273–287, 2003.
Kiefer, T., Sarnthein, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Grootes, P. M., and Roberts, A. P.: North Pacific response to millennial-scale in the ocean circulation in the last 60 ka, Paleoceanography 16(2), 179–189, 2001.
Knutti, R., Flückiger, J., Stocker, T. F., and Timmermann, A.: Strong hemispheric coupling of glacial climate through freshwater discharge and ocean circulation, Nature, 430, 851–856, 2004.
Kobashi, T., Severinghaus, J. P., Brook, E. J., Barnola, J. M., and Grachev, A. M.: Precise timing and characterization of abrupt climate change 8200 years ago from air trapped in polar ice, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1212–1222, 2007.
Krinner, G., Genthon, C., and Jouzel, J.: GCM analysis of local influences on ice core δ signals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2825–2828, 1997.
Landais, A.: Variabilité climatique rapide en Atlantique Nord: l'apport des isotopes de l'air piégé dans la glace du Groenland, Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris, 6, 305 pp., 2004.
Landais, A., Barnola, J. M., Masson-Delmotte, V., Jouzel, J., Chappellaz, J., Caillon, N., Huber, C., Leuenberger, M., and Johnsen, S. J.: A continuous record of temperature evolution over a sequence of Dansgaard-Oeschger events during Marine Isotopic Stage 4 (76 to 62 kyr BP), Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22211.1-L22211.4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021193, 2004a.
Landais, A., Caillon, N., Goujon, C., Grachev, A. M., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Leuenberger, M.: Quantification of rapid temperature change during DO event 12 and phasing with methane inferred from air isotopic measurements, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 225, 221–232, 2004b.
Landais, A., Caillon, N., Severinghaus, J., Barnola, J.-M., Goujon, C., Jouzel, J., and Masson-Delmotte, V.: Isotopic measurements of air trapped in ice to quantify temperature changes, C. R. Geosci., 336, 963–970, 2004c.
Landais, A., Masson-Delmotte, V., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Johnsen, S., Huber, C., Leuenberger, M., Schwander, J., and Minster, B.: The glacial inception as recorded in the NorthGRIP Greenland ice core: timing, structure and associated abrupt temperature changes, Clim. Dynam. 26, 273–284, 2006.
Landais, A., Dreyfus, D., Capron, E., Sanchez-Goni, M. F., Desprat, S., Jouzel, J., Hoffmann, G., and Johnsen, S.: What drive orbital- and millennial-scale variations of the δ18O of atmospheric oxygen ?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 235–246, 2010.
Lang, C., Leuenberger, M., Schwander, J., and Johnsen, S.: 16 °C rapid temperature variation in central Greenland 70 000 years ago, Science, 286, 934–937, 1999.
Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A. C. M., and Levrard, B.: A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth, A{&}A 428, 261–285, 2004.
Leuenberger, M. C., Lang, C., and Schwander, J.: δ15N measurements as a calibration tool for the paleothermometer and gas–ice age differences: a case study for the 8200 BP event on GRIP ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 104, 22163–22170, 1999.
Levermann, A., Schewe, J., and Montoya, M.: Lack of bipolar seesaw in response to Southern Ocean wind reduction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030255., 2007.
Li, C., Battisti, D. S., Schrag, D. P., and Tziperman, E.: Abrupt climate shifts in Greenland due to displacements of the sea ice edge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023492, 2005.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic delta O-18 records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071., 2005.
Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., He, F., Brady, E. C., Tomas R., Clark, P. U., Carlson, A. E., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Curry, W., Brook, E., Erickson, D., Jacob, R., Kutzbach, J., and Cheng, J.: Transient Simulation of Last Deglaciation with a New Mechanism for Bølling-Allerød Warming, Science, 325, 310–314, 2009.
Lorius, C. and Merlivat, L.: Distribution of mean surface stable isotope values in East Antarctica. Observed changes with depth in a coastal area, in: Isotopes and impurities in snow and ice, edited by: IAHS Publication, Vienna, IAHS, 125–137, 1977.
Loulergue, L., Schilt, A., Spahni, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Lemieux, B., Barnola, J.-M., Raynaud, D., Stocker, T. F., and Chappellaz, J.: Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800 000 years, Nature, 453, 383–386, 2008.
Lüthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., and Stocker, T. F.: High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650 000–800 000 years before present, Nature, 453, 379–382, 2008.
MacAyeal, D. R.: Binge/purge oscillations of the Laurentide ice sheet as a cause of the North Atlantic's Heinrich events, Paleoceanography, 8, 775–784, 1993.
Margari, V., Skinner, L. C., Tzedakis, P. C., Ganopolski, A., Vautravers, M., and Shackleton, N. J.: The nature of millennial-scale climate variabilityduring the past two glacial periods, Nat. Geosci., 3, 127–131, 2010.
Mariotti, A.: Atmospheric nitrogen as a reliable stable standard for 15N abundance measurements, Nature, 303, 685–687, 1983.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Stenni, B., and Jouzel, J.: Common millenial scale variability of Antarctic and southern ocean temperatures during the past 5000 years reconstructed from EPICA Dome C ice core, The Holocene, 14, 145–151, 2004.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Jouzel, J., Landais, A., Stievenard, M., Johnsen, S. J., White, J. W. C., Sveinbjornsdottir, A., and Fuhrer, K.: Deuterium excess reveals millennial and orbital scale fluctuations of Greenland moisture origin, Science, 309, 118–121, 2005a.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Landais, A., Stievenard, M., Cattani, O., Falourd, S., Jouzel J., Johnsen, S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Sveinbjornsdottir, A., White, J. W. C., Popp, T., and Fischer, H.: Holocene climatic changes in Greenland: different deuterium excess signals at Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) and NorthGRIP, J. Geophys. Res., 110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005575, 2005b.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Hou, S., Ekaykin, A., Jouzel, J., Aristarain, A., Bernardo, R. T., Bromwich, D., Cattani, O., Delmotte, M., Falourd, S., Frezzotti, M., Gallée, H., Genoni, L., Isaksson, E., Landais, A., Helsen, M. M., Hoffmann, G., Lopez, J., Morgan, V., Motoyama, H., Noone, D., Oerter, H., Petit, J. R., Royer, A., Uemura, R., Schmidt, G. A., Schlosser, E., Simões, J. C., Steig, E. J., Stenni, B., Stievenard, M., van den Broeke, M. R., van de Wal, R. S. W., van de Berg, W. J., Vimeux, F., and White, J. W. C.: A review of Antarctic surface snow isotopic composition: observations, atmospheric circulation and isotopic modelling, J. Climate, 21, 3359–3387, 2008.
McManus, J. F., Bond, G. C., Broecker, W. S., Johnsen, S. J., Labeyrie, L., and Higgins, S.: High-resolution climatic records from the North Atlantic during the last interglacial, Nature, 371, 326–329, 1994.
McManus, J. F., Oppo, D. W., and Cullen, J.-L.: A 0.5-Million-Year Record of the millennial-scale climate variability in the North Atlantic, Science, 283, 971–975, 1999.
Meyer, H., Schönicke, L., Wand, U., Hubberten, H.-W., and Friedrichsen, H.: Isotope studies of hydrogen and oxygen in ground ice ? Experiences with the equilibration technique, Isot. Environ. Health S., 36, 133–149, 2000.
Meyer, M. C., Spötl, C., and Magini, A.: The demise of the last interglacial recorded in isotopically speleothems from the Alps, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 476–496, 2008.
Monnin, E., Indermühle, A., Dällenbach, A., Flückiger, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J.-M.: Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial terminaison, Science, 291, 112–114, 2001.
NorthGRIP-community-members: High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period, Nature, 431, 147-151, 2004.
Oerter, H., Graf, W., Meyer, H., and Wilhelms, F.: The EPICA ice core from Dronning Maud Land: first results from stable-isotope measurements, Ann. Glaciol., 39, 307–312, 2004.
Oppo, D. W., Lloyd, D., Keigwin, L. D., and McManus, J. F.: Persistent suborbital climate variability in marine isotope stage 5 and Termination II, Paleoceanography, 16, 280–292, 2001.
Pahnke, K., Zahn, R., Elderfield, H., and Schulz, M.: 340 000-year centennial-scale marine record of Southern Hemisphere climatic oscillation, Science, 301, 948–952, 2003.
Parrenin, F., Barnola, J.-M., Beer, J., Blunier, T., Castellano, E., Chappellaz, J., Dreyfus, G., Fischer, H., Fujita, S., Jouzel, J., Kawamura, K., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Loulergue, L., Masson-Delmotte, V., Narcisi, B., Petit, J.-R., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Ruth, U., Schwander, J., Severi, M., Spahni, R., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A., Udisti, R., Waelbroeck, C., and Wolff, E.: The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA Dome C ice core, Clim. Past, 3, 485–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-485-2007, 2007.
Parrenin, F., Dreyfus, G., Durand, G., Fujita, S., Gagliardini, O., Gillet, F., Jouzel, J., Kawamura, K., Lhomme, N., Masson-Delmotte, V., Ritz, C., Schwander, J., Shoji, H., Uemura, R., Watanabe, O., and Yoshida, N.: 1-D-ice flow modelling at EPICA Dome C and Dome Fuji, East Antarctica, Clim. Past, 3, 243–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-243-2007, 2007.
Peterson, L. C., Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., and Röhl, U.: Rapid Changes in the Hydrologic Cycle of the Tropical Atlantic During the Last Glacial, Science, 290, 1947–1951, 2000.
Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V. M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V. Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E., and Stievenard, M.: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399, 429–436, 1999.
Rahmstorf, S.: Timing of abrupt climate change: A precise clock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(10), 1050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017115, 2003.
Rind, D., Demenocal, P., Russell, G. L., Sheth, S., Collins, D., Schmidt, G. A., and Teller, J.: Effects of glacial meltwater in the GISS Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Model: Part I: North Atlantic Deep Water response, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 27335–27354, 2001.
Rousseau, D. D., Kukla, G., and McManus, J.: What is what in the ice and the ocean?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2025–2030, 2006.
Ruth, U., Barnola, J.-M., Beer, J., Bigler, M., Blunier, T., Castellano, E., Fischer, H., Fundel, F., Huybrechts, P., Kaufmann, P., Kipfstuhl, S., Lambrecht, A., Morganti, A., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Rybak, O., Severi, M., Udisti, R., Wilhelms, F., and Wolff, E.: "EDML1": a chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the last 150 000 years, Clim. Past, 3, 475–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-475-2007, 2007.
Sanchez-Goñi, M. F., Turon, J.-L., Eynault, F., and Gendreau, S.: European climatic response to millennial-scale changes in the atmosphere-ocean system during the last glacial period, Quaternary Res., 54, 394–403, 2000.
Sanchez-Goñi, M. F., Cacho, I., Turon, J.-L., Guiot, J., Sierro, F. J., Peyrouquet, J.-P., and Shackleton, N. J.: Synchroneity between marine and terrestrial responses to millennial scale climatic variability during the last glacial period in the Mediterranean region, Clim. Dynam., 19, 95–105, 2002.
Schulz, M.: On the 1470-year pacing of Dansgaard-Oeschger warm events, Paleoceanography, 17, 4.1–4.10, 2002.
Schulz, M., Paul, A., and Timmermann, A.: Relaxation oscillators in concert: A framework for climate change at millennial timescales during the late Pleistocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2193, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016144, 2002.
Severi, M., Becagli, S., Castellano, E., Morganti, A., Traversi, R., Udisti, R., Ruth, U., Fischer, H., Huybrechts, P., Wolff, E., Parrenin, F., Kaufmann, P., Lambert, F., and Steffensen, J. P.: Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature matching, Clim. Past, 3, 367–374, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-367-2007, 2007.
Severinghaus, J. P., Sowers, T., Brook, E. J., Alley, R. B., and Bender, M. L.: Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice, Nature, 391, 141–146, 1998.
Severinghaus, J. P. and Brook, E. J.: Abrupt climate change at the end of the last glacial period inferred from trapped air in polar ice, Science, 286, 930–934, 1999.
Shackleton, N. J. and Pisias, N. G.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate, Geoph. Monog. Series, 32, 412–417, 1985.
Shackleton, N. J.: Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 6, 183–190, 1987.
Shackleton, N. J., Sanchez-Goni, M. F., Pailler, D., and Lancelot, Y.: Marine isotope substage 5e and the Eemian interglacial, Global Planetary Changes, 36, 151–155, 2003a.
Shackleton, N. J., Sanchez Goñi, M. F., Pailler D., and Lancelot, Y.: Marine isotopic Substage 5e and the Eemian interglacial, Global Planetary Changes, 36, 151–155, 2003b.
Siddall, M., Thomas, F., Stocker, T., Blunier, T., Spahni, R., Schwander, J., Barnola, J.-M., and Chappellaz, J.: Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 8 millennial variability stratigraphically identical to MIS 3, Paleoceanography 22, PA1208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001345, 2007.
Sime, L. C., Wolff, E. W., Oliver, K. I. C., and Tindall, J. C.: Evidence for warmer interglacials, Nature, 462, 342–345, 2009.
Sprovieri, R., Di Stefano, E., Alessandro Incarbona, A., and Oppo, D. W.: Suborbital climate variability during Marine Isotopic Stage 5 in the central Mediterranean basin: evidence from calcareous plankton record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2332–2342, 2006.
Steffensen, J. P., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Popp, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Röthlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Stauffer, B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, A. E., Svensson, A., and White, J. W. C.: High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show Abrupt Climate Change Happens in Few Years, Science, 321, 680–683, 2008.
Stenni, B., Masson-Delmotte, V., Johnsen, S., Jouzel, J., Longinelli, A., Monnin, E., Röthlisberger, R., and Selmo, E.: An oceanic cold reversal during the last deglaciation, Science, 293, 2074–2077, 2001.
Stenni, B., Selmo, E., Masson-Delmotte, V., Oerter, H., Meyer, H., Röthlisberger, R., Jouzel, J., Cattani, O., Falourd, S., Fischer, H., Hoffmann, G., Lacumin, P., Johnsen, S. J., and Minster, B.: The deuterium excess records of EPICA Dome C and Dronning Maud Land ice cores (East Antarctica), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 146–159, 2010.
Stocker, T. F., Wright, D. G., and Mysak, L. A.: A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies, J. Climate, 5, 773–797, 1992.
Stocker, T. F., and Johnsen, S. J.: A minimum thermodynamic model for the bipolar seesaw, Paleoceanography, 18, 1087, 8 pp., 2003.
Svensson, A., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Davies, S. M., Johnsen, S. J., Muscheler, R., Parrenin, F., Rasmussen, S. O., Röthlisberger, R., Seierstad, I., Steffensen, J. P., and Vinther, B. M.: A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology, Clim. Past, 4, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-47-2008, 2008.
Swingedouw, D., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H., and Loutre, M. F.: Impact of transient freshwater releases in the Southern Ocean on the AMOC and climate, Clim. Dynam., 33, 365–381, 2009.
Taylor, K. C., White, J. W. C., Severinghaus, J. P., Brook, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Alley, R. B., Steig, E. J., Spencer, M. K., Meyerson, E., Meese, D. A., Lamorey, G. W., Grachev, A., Gow, A. J., and Barnett, B. A.: Abrupt climate change around 22 ka on the Siple Coast of Antarctica, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 7–15, 2004.
Thomas, E. R., Wolff, E. W., Mulvaney, R., Steffensen, J. P., Johnsen, S. J., Arrowsmith, C., White, J. W. C., Vaughn, B., and Popp, T.: The 8.2 ka event from Greenland ice cores, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 70–81, 2007.
van Kreveld, S. A., Sarnthein, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Grootes, P., Jung, S., Nadeau, M. J., Pflaumann, U., and Voelker, A. H. L.: Potential links between surging ice sheets, circulation changes and the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles in the Irminger Sea, 60–18 kyr, Paleoceanography, 15, 425–442, 2000.
Velinga, M. and Wood, R. A.: Global climatic impacts of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation, Climatic Change, 54, 251–267, 2002.
Vimeux, F., Cuffey, K., and Jouzel, J.: New insights into Southern Hemisphere temperature changes from Vostok ice cores using deuterium excess correction over the last 420 000 years, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 203, 829–843, 2002.
Vinther, B. M., Buchardt, S. L., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Raynaud, D., Lipenkov, V., Andersen, K. K., Blunier, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., and Svensson, A. M.: Holocene thinning of the Greenland ice sheet, Nature, 461, 385–388, 2009.
Voelker, A. H. L.: Global distribution of centennial-scale records for Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3: a database, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 1185–1212, 2002.
von Grafenstein, U., Erlenkeuser, H., Müller, J., Jouzel J., and Johnsen, S. J.: The cold event 8200 years ago documented in oxygen isotope records of precipitation in Europe and Greenland, Clim. Dynam., 14, 73–81, 1998.
Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Michel, E., Duplessy, J. C., McManus, J. F., Lambeck, K., Balbon, E., and Labracherie, M.: Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 295–305, 2002.
Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Kong, X., Shao, X., Chen, S., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Wang, X., and An, Z.: Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224 000 years, Nature, 451, 1090–1093, 2008.
Wang, Y. J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., An, Z. S., Wu, J. Y., Shen, C.-C., and Dorale, J. A.: A High-Resolution Absolute-Dated Late Pleistocene Monsoon Record from Hulu Cave, China, Science, 94, 234–2348, 2001.
Wang, Z. and Mysak, L. A.: Glacial abrupt climate changes and Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations in a coupled climate model, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001238, 2006.
Weirauch, D., Billups, K., and Martin, P.: Evolution of millennial-scale climate variability during the mid-Pleistocene, Paleoceanography, 23, PA3216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001584, 2008.
Wolff, E. W., Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Rasmussen, S. O., and Svensson, A.: Millennial-scale variability during the last glacial: The ice core record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.013, in press, 2009a.
Wolff, E. W., Fischer, H., and Röthlisberger, R.: Glacial terminations as southern warmings without northern control, Nat. Geosci., 2, 206–209, 2009b.
Wunsch, C.: Abrupt climate change: An alternative view, Quaternary Res., 65, 191–203, 2006.
