Bickert, T. and Mackensen, A.: Last Glacial to Holocene changes in South Atlantic deep water circulation, in: The South Atlantic in the late Quaternary: Reconstruction of material budgets and current systems, edited by: Wefer, G., Mulitza, S., and Ratmeyer, V., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, 671–695, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18917-3_29, 2003.
Birch, H., Coxall, H. K., Pearson, P. N., Kroon, D., and O'Regan, M.: Planktonic Foraminifera stable isotopes and water column structure; disentangling ecological signals, Mar. Micropaleonto., 101, 127–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.02.002, 2013.
Boyle, E. A. and Keigwin, L. D.: Comparison of Atlantic and Pacific paleochemical records for the last 215,000 years; changes in deep ocean circulation and chemical inventories, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 76, 135–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90154-2, 1985.
Branson, O., Redfern, S. A. T., Tyliszczak, T., Sadekov, A., Langer, G., Kimoto, K., and Elderfield, H.: The coordination of Mg in foraminiferal calcite, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 383, 134–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.037, 2013.
Brummer, G.-J. A. and Jung, S. J. A.: RV Pelagia Cruise Report: Cruise 64PE304 SE African margin NIOZ Rapp., 1–33,
https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/32541/1/64PE304.pdf (last access: 22 August 2025), 2009.
Bryan, S. P. and Marchitto, T. M.:
-temperature proxy in benthic foraminifera: New calibrations from the Florida Straits and a hypothesis regarding
, Paleoceanography, 23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001553, 2008.
Curry, W. B., Duplessy, J.-C., Labeyrie, L. D., and Shackleton, N. J.: Changes in the distribution of delta (super 13) C of deep water Sigma CO (sub 2) between the last glaciation and the Holocene, Paleoceanography, 3, 317–341, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA003i003p00317, 1988.
de Nooijer, L. J., Hathorne, E. C., Reichart, G. J., Langer, G., and Bijma, J.: Variability in calcitic
and
ratios in clones of the benthic foraminifer Ammonia tepida, Mar. Micropaleontol., 107, 32–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.02.002, 2014.
de Villiers, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H.: An intensity ratio calibration method for the accurate determination of
and
of marine carbonates by ICP-AES, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., G3, 3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000169, 2002.
Duplessy, J.-C., Shackleton, N. J., Fairbanks, R. G., Labeyrie, L. D., Oppo, D., and Kallel, N.: Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation, Paleoceanography, 3, 343–360, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA003i003p00343, 1988.
Elderfield, H. and Ganssen, G.: Past temperature and delta (super 18) O of surface ocean waters inferred from foraminiferal
ratios, Nature (London), 405, 442–445, https://doi.org/10.1038/35013033, 2000.
Elderfield, H., Bertram, C. J., and Erez, J.: A biomineralization model for the incorporation of trace elements into foraminiferal calcium carbonate, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142, 409–423, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00105-7, 1996.
Elderfield, H., Yu, J., Anand, P., Kiefer, T., and Nyland, B.: Calibrations for benthic foraminiferal
paleothermometry and the carbonate ion hypothesis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 250, 633–649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.041, 2006.
Elderfield, H., Greaves, M., Barker, S., Hall, I. R., Tripati, A., Ferretti, P., Crowhurst, S., Booth, L., Daunt, C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Waelbroeck, C., Fischer, H., and Wolff, E. W.: A record of bottom water temperature and seawater delta (super 18) O for the Southern Ocean over the past 440 kyr based on
of benthic foraminiferal Uvigerina spp, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 160–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.013, 2010.
Elmore, A. C., McClymont, E. L., Elderfield, H., Kender, S., Cook, M. R., Leng, M. J., Greaves, M., and Misra, S.: Antarctic Intermediate Water properties since 400 ka recorded in infaunal (Uvigerina peregrina) and epifaunal (Planulina wuellerstorfi) benthic Foraminifera, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 428, 193–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.013, 2015.
Emiliani, C.: Pleistocene temperatures, J. Geol., 63, 538–578, 1955.
Erez, J.: The source of ions for biomineralization in Foraminifera and their implications for paleoceanographic proxies, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 54, 115–149, https://doi.org/10.2113/0540115, 2003.
Grundlingh, M. L.: OCCURRENCE OF RED-SEA WATER IN THE SOUTHWESTERN INDIAN-OCEAN, 1981, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 207–212, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0207:OORSWI>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Gussone, N., Filipsson, H. L., and Kuhnert, H.:
,
and Ca isotope ratios in benthonic foraminifers related to test structure, mineralogy and environmental controls, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 173, 142–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.018, 2016.
Hasenfratz, A. P., Martinez-Garcia, A., Jaccard, S. L., Vance, D., Waelle, M., Greaves, M., and Haug, G. H.: Determination of the
ratio in foraminiferal coatings; an approach to correct
temperatures for Mn-rich contaminant phases, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 457, 335–347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.004, 2017.
Healey, S. L., Thunell, R. C., and Corliss, B. H.: The
-temperature relationship of benthic foraminiferal calcite: New core-top calibrations in the
< 4 °C temperature range, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 272, 523–530, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.023, 2008.
Jung, S. J. A., Kroon, D., Ganssen, G., Peeters, F., and Ganeshram, R.: Enhanced Arabian Sea Intermediate Water flow during glacial North Atlantic cold phases, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 280, 220–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.037, 2009.
Lauvset, S. K., Lange, N., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H. C., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Álvarez, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Brown, P. J., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Murata, A., Müller, J. D., Pérez, F. F., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Ulfsbo, A., Velo, A., Woosley, R. J., and Key, R. M.: The annual update GLODAPv2.2023: the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2047–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, 2024.
Lea, D. W., Mashiotta, T. A., and Spero, H. J.: Controls on magnesium and strontium uptake in planktonic Foraminifera determined by live culturing, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 2369–2379, 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00197-0, 1999.
Lear, C. H., Rosenthal, Y., and Slowey, N.: Benthic foraminiferal
-paleothermometry: a revised core-top calibration, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 3375–3387, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00941-9, 2002.
Lo Giudice Cappelli, E., Regenberg, M., Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Garbe-Schoenberg, D., and Andersen, N.: Refining C. wuellerstorfi and H. elegans
temperature calibrations, Mar. Micropaleontol., 121, 70–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2015.10.001, 2015.
Lutze, G. F. and Thiel, H.: Epibenthic foraminifera from elevated microhabitats; Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Planulina ariminensis, J. Foramin. Res., 19, 153–158, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.19.2.153, 1989.
Lynch-Stieglitz, J. and Fairbanks, R. G.: A conservative tracer for glacial ocean circulation from carbon isotope and palaeo-nutrient measurements in benthic foraminifera, Nature (London), 369, 308–310, https://doi.org/10.1038/369308a0, 1994.
Marr, J. P., Bostock, H. C., Carter, L., Bolton, A., and Smith, E.: Differential effects of cleaning procedures on the trace element chemistry of planktonic foraminifera, Chem. Geol., 351, 310–323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.05.019, 2013.
Martin, P. A. and Lea, D. W.: A simple evaluation of cleaning procedures on fossil benthic foraminiferal
, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., G3, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000280, 2002.
McCave, I. N., Kiefer, T., Thornalley, D. J. R., and Elderfield, H.: Deep Flow in the Madagascar: Mascarene Basin over the Last 150 000 Years, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 81–99, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2004.1480, 2005.
Ni, S., Quintana Krupinski, N. B., Groeneveld, J., Persson, P., Somogyi, A., Brinkmann, I., Knudsen, K. L., Seidenkrantz, M. S., and Filipsson, H. L.: Early diagenesis of foraminiferal calcite under anoxic conditions: A case study from the Landsort Deep, Baltic Sea (IODP Site M0063), Chem. Geol., 558, 119871, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119871, 2020.
Nürnberg, D.: Magnesium in tests of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral from high northern and southern latitudes, J. Foramin. Res., 25, 350–368, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.25.4.350, 1995.
Nürnberg, D., Bijma, J., and Hemleben, C.: Assessing the reliability of magnesium in foraminiferal calcite as a proxy for wate
r mass temperatures, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 803–814, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00446-7, 1996.
Pena, L. D., Cacho, I., Calvo, E., Pelejero, C., Eggins, S., and Sadekov, A.: Characterization of contaminant phases in foraminifera carbonates by electron microprobe mapping, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002018, 2008.
Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A., Labeyrie, L., and Oppo, D.: Glacial enrichments of authigenic Cd And U in subantarctic sediments: A climatic control on the elements' oceanic budget?, Paleoceanography, 10, 395–413, https://doi.org/10.1029/95PA00310, 1995.
Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A., and Slowey, N.: Temperature control on the incorporation of magnesium, strontium, fluorine, and cadmium into benthic foraminiferal shells from Little Bahama Bank: Prospects for thermocline paleoceanography, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 3633–3643, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00181-6, 1997.
Rustic, G. T., Polissar, P. J., Ravelo, A. C., and DeMenocal, P.: Relationship between individual chamber and whole shell
ratios in Trilobatus sacculifer and implications for individual foraminifera palaeoceanographic reconstructions, Sci. Rep., 11, 463–463, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80673-8, 2021.
Sadekov, A., Eggins, S. M., De Deckker, P., and Kroon, D.: Uncertainties in seawater thermometry deriving from intratest and intertest
variability in Globigerinoides ruber, Paleoceanography, 23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001452, 2008.
Saher, M. H., Rostek, F., Jung, S. J. A., Bard, E., Schneider, R. R., Greaves, M., Ganssen, G. M., Elderfield, H., and Kroon, D.: Western Arabian Sea SST during the penultimate interglacial: A comparison of U37K
′ and
paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001557, 2009.
Sarnthein, M., Winn, K., Jung, S. J. A., Duplessy, J. C., Labeyrie, L., Erlenkeuser, H., and Ganssen, G.: Changes in East Atlantic Deepwater Circulation over the last 30,000 years: Eight time slice reconstructions, Paleoceanography, 9, 209–267, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA03301, 1994.
Schlitzer, R.: Ocean Data View,
https://odv.awi.de (last access: 18 February 2025), 2023.
Shackleton, N.: Oxygen Isotope Analyses and Pleistocene Temperatures Re-assessed, Nature (London), 215, 15–17, https://doi.org/10.1038/215015a0, 1967.
Shackleton, N. J.: Attainment of isotopic equlilibrium between ocean water and the benthic foraminifera: Uvigerina: Isotopic changes in the ocean during the last glacial, Colloques Internatinaux du CNRS, 219, 203–209, 1974.
Srinivasan, A.: Deep circulation in the Indian Ocean: Tracer diagnostics, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 122 pp.,
https://www.proquest.com/docview/304517714?parentSessionId=Zm8HZvhniXCDKyCqWmrurDrr0NLIrsz19F27UD+J0Ek=&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=10673&sourcetype=Dissertations & Theses (last access: 22 August 2025), 1999.
Stirpe, C. R., Allen, K. A., Sikes, E. L., Zhou, X., Rosenthal, Y., Cruz-Uribe, A. M., and Brooks, H. L.: The
proxy for temperature: A Uvigerina core-top study in the Southwest Pacific, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 309, 299–312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.015, 2021.
Talley, L. D.: Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), Volume 4: Indian Ocean, edited by: Sparrow, M., Chapman, P., and Gould, J., International WOCE Project Office, Southampton, UK, ISBN 0904175588,
https://sam.ucsd.edu/whp_atlas/indian/atlas_text/WHPAtlas_Vol4_Indian_Introduction.pdf (last access: 22 August 2025), 2013.
Talley, L. D., Clark, P. U., Webb, R. S., and Keigwin, L. D.: Some aspects of ocean heat transport by the shallow, intermediate and deep overturning Circulations, in: American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM112p0001, 1999.
van Aken, H. M., Ridderinkhof, H., and de Ruijter, W. P. M.: North Atlantic deep water in the south-western Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. I, 51, 755–776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.01.008, 2004.
van der Lubbe, J. J. L., Tjallingii, R., Prins, M. A., Brummer, G.-J. A., Jung, S. J. A., Kroon, D., and Schneider, R. R.: Sedimentation patterns off the Zambezi River over the last 20,000years, Mar. Geol., 355, 189–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.012, 2014.
You, Y.: Implications of the deep circulation and ventilation of the Indian Ocean on the renewal mechanism of North Atlantic Deep Water, J. Geophys. Res., Washington, DC, 105, 23895–23926, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900105, 2000.
Yu, J. and Elderfield, H.:
in the benthic foraminifera Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Cibicidoides mundulus: Temperature versus carbonate ion saturation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 276, 129–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.015, 2008.
Yu, J., Elderfield, H., Greaves, M., and Day, J.: Preferential dissolution of benthic foraminiferal calcite during laboratory reductive cleaning, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001571, 2007.