Articles | Volume 20, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1067-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1067-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 May 2024
Research article |
| 02 May 2024
| 02 May 2024
Highly stratified mid-Pliocene Southern Ocean in PlioMIP2
Julia E. Weiffenbach
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Department of Physics, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
Henk A. Dijkstra
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Department of Physics, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
Centre for Complex Systems Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CE Utrecht, the Netherlands
Anna S. von der Heydt
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Department of Physics, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
Centre for Complex Systems Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CE Utrecht, the Netherlands
Ayako Abe-Ouchi
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan
Wing-Le Chan
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan
Deepak Chandan
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5S 1A7, Canada
Ran Feng
Department of Earth Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06033, USA
Alan M. Haywood
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
Stephen J. Hunter
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
Xiangyu Li
Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
W. Richard Peltier
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5S 1A7, Canada
Christian Stepanek
Alfred-Wegener-Institut – Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Ning Tan
Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Julia C. Tindall
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
Zhongshi Zhang
Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway
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Latest update: 24 Jan 2026
Short summary
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and a smaller Antarctic Ice Sheet during the mid-Pliocene (~ 3 million years ago) cause the Southern Ocean surface to become fresher and warmer, which affects the global ocean circulation. The CO2 concentration and the smaller Antarctic Ice Sheet both have a similar and approximately equal impact on the Southern Ocean. The conditions of the Southern Ocean in the mid-Pliocene could therefore be analogous to those in a future climate with smaller ice sheets.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and a smaller Antarctic Ice Sheet during the...
