Articles | Volume 19, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Reassessing long-standing meteorological records: an example using the national hottest day in Ireland
Katherine Dooley
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 3000, Johnstown Castle Estate, County Wexford, Y35 W821, Ireland
Ciaran Kelly
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Natascha Seifert
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Therese Myslinski
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Sophie O'Kelly
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Rushna Siraj
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Ciara Crosby
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Jack Kevin Dunne
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Kate McCauley
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
James Donoghue
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Eoin Gaddren
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Daniel Conway
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Jordan Cooney
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Niamh McCarthy
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Eoin Cullen
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Simon Noone
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Conor Murphy
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Peter Thorne
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Maynooth
University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
Related authors
No articles found.
Lisa Claire Orme, Francis Ludlow, Natasha Langton, Jenny Kristina Sjӧstrӧm, Malin Kylander, Conor Murphy, Sean Pyne-O'Donnell, Jonathan Turner, Nannan Li, Sarah Jessica Davies, Fraser Mitchell, and John Alphonsus Matthews
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3737, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3737, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The link between storms and volcanic eruptions in northwest Europe is investigated. Past storminess was reconstructed using sand deposits in a coastal peatbog from western Ireland. Together with similar records from northwest Europe this shows six periods of high storminess in the last 2500 years, coinciding roughly with the largest eruptions of this time. A record of past windiness for Ireland (600–1616CE) created from the “Irish Annals” supports enhanced storminess for 3 years after eruptions.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Bomin Sun, Anthony Reale, Domenico Cimini, Salvatore Larosa, Lori Borg, Christoph von Rohden, Michael Sommer, Ruud Dirksen, Marion Maturilli, Holger Vömel, Rigel Kivi, Bruce Ingleby, Ryan J. Kramer, Belay Demoz, Fabio Madonna, Fabien Carminati, Owen Lewis, Brett Candy, Christopher Thomas, David Edwards, Noersomadi, Kensaku Shimizu, and Peter Thorne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2919–2955, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2919-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2919-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assess and illustrate the benefits of high-altitude attainment of balloon-borne radiosonde soundings up to and beyond 10 hPa level from various aspects. We show that the extra costs and technical challenges involved in consistent attainment of high ascents are more than outweighed by the benefits for a broad variety of real-time and delayed-mode applications. Consistent attainment of high ascents should therefore be pursued across the balloon observational network.
Piers M. Forster, Chris Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Christophe Cassou, Mathias Hauser, Zeke Hausfather, June-Yi Lee, Matthew D. Palmer, Karina von Schuckmann, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Sophie Szopa, Blair Trewin, Jeongeun Yun, Nathan P. Gillett, Stuart Jenkins, H. Damon Matthews, Krishnan Raghavan, Aurélien Ribes, Joeri Rogelj, Debbie Rosen, Xuebin Zhang, Myles Allen, Lara Aleluia Reis, Robbie M. Andrew, Richard A. Betts, Alex Borger, Jiddu A. Broersma, Samantha N. Burgess, Lijing Cheng, Pierre Friedlingstein, Catia M. Domingues, Marco Gambarini, Thomas Gasser, Johannes Gütschow, Masayoshi Ishii, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel E. Killick, Paul B. Krummel, Aurélien Liné, Didier P. Monselesan, Colin Morice, Jens Mühle, Vaishali Naik, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Jan C. Minx, Matthew Rigby, Robert Rohde, Abhishek Savita, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Peter Thorne, Christopher Wells, Luke M. Western, Guido R. van der Werf, Susan E. Wijffels, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Panmao Zhai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2641–2680, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In a rapidly changing climate, evidence-based decision-making benefits from up-to-date and timely information. Here we compile monitoring datasets to track real-world changes over time. To make our work relevant to policymakers, we follow methods from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Human activities are increasing the Earth's energy imbalance and driving faster sea-level rise compared to the IPCC assessment.
Derrick Muheki, Bas Vercruysse, Krishna Kumar Thirukokaranam Chandrasekar, Christophe Verbruggen, Julie M. Birkholz, Koen Hufkens, Hans Verbeeck, Pascal Boeckx, Seppe Lampe, Ed Hawkins, Peter Thorne, Dominique Kankonde Ntumba, Olivier Kapalay Moulasa, and Wim Thiery
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3779, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3779, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Archives worldwide host vast records of observed weather data crucial for understanding climate variability. However, most of these records are still in paper form, limiting their use. To address this, we developed MeteoSaver, an open-source tool, to transcribe these records to machine-readable format. Applied to ten handwritten temperature sheets, it achieved a median accuracy of 74%. This tool offers a promising solution to preserve records from archives and unlock historical weather insights.
Philippe Marbaix, Alexandre K. Magnan, Veruska Muccione, Peter W. Thorne, and Zinta Zommers
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 317–349, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-317-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-317-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has used burning-ember diagrams to show how risks increase with global warming. We bring these data into a harmonized framework available through an online Climate Risks Embers Explorer. Without high levels of adaptation, most risks reach a high level around 2 to 2.3 °C of global warming. Improvements in future reports could include systematic collection of explanatory information and broader coverage of regions and adaptation.
Piers M. Forster, Chris Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Bradley Hall, Mathias Hauser, Aurélien Ribes, Debbie Rosen, Nathan P. Gillett, Matthew D. Palmer, Joeri Rogelj, Karina von Schuckmann, Blair Trewin, Myles Allen, Robbie Andrew, Richard A. Betts, Alex Borger, Tim Boyer, Jiddu A. Broersma, Carlo Buontempo, Samantha Burgess, Chiara Cagnazzo, Lijing Cheng, Pierre Friedlingstein, Andrew Gettelman, Johannes Gütschow, Masayoshi Ishii, Stuart Jenkins, Xin Lan, Colin Morice, Jens Mühle, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel E. Killick, Paul B. Krummel, Jan C. Minx, Gunnar Myhre, Vaishali Naik, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Sophie Szopa, Peter Thorne, Mahesh V. M. Kovilakam, Elisa Majamäki, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Margreet van Marle, Rachel M. Hoesly, Robert Rohde, Dominik Schumacher, Guido van der Werf, Russell Vose, Kirsten Zickfeld, Xuebin Zhang, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Panmao Zhai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2625–2658, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper tracks some key indicators of global warming through time, from 1850 through to the end of 2023. It is designed to give an authoritative estimate of global warming to date and its causes. We find that in 2023, global warming reached 1.3 °C and is increasing at over 0.2 °C per decade. This is caused by all-time-high greenhouse gas emissions.
Piers M. Forster, Christopher J. Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Mathias Hauser, Aurélien Ribes, Debbie Rosen, Nathan Gillett, Matthew D. Palmer, Joeri Rogelj, Karina von Schuckmann, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Blair Trewin, Xuebin Zhang, Myles Allen, Robbie Andrew, Arlene Birt, Alex Borger, Tim Boyer, Jiddu A. Broersma, Lijing Cheng, Frank Dentener, Pierre Friedlingstein, José M. Gutiérrez, Johannes Gütschow, Bradley Hall, Masayoshi Ishii, Stuart Jenkins, Xin Lan, June-Yi Lee, Colin Morice, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel Killick, Jan C. Minx, Vaishali Naik, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sophie Szopa, Peter Thorne, Robert Rohde, Maisa Rojas Corradi, Dominik Schumacher, Russell Vose, Kirsten Zickfeld, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Panmao Zhai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2295–2327, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2295-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is a critical decade for climate action, but there is no annual tracking of the level of human-induced warming. We build on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment reports that are authoritative but published infrequently to create a set of key global climate indicators that can be tracked through time. Our hope is that this becomes an important annual publication that policymakers, media, scientists and the public can refer to.
Louise J. Slater, Louise Arnal, Marie-Amélie Boucher, Annie Y.-Y. Chang, Simon Moulds, Conor Murphy, Grey Nearing, Guy Shalev, Chaopeng Shen, Linda Speight, Gabriele Villarini, Robert L. Wilby, Andrew Wood, and Massimiliano Zappa
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1865–1889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1865-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1865-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hybrid forecasting systems combine data-driven methods with physics-based weather and climate models to improve the accuracy of predictions for meteorological and hydroclimatic events such as rainfall, temperature, streamflow, floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, or atmospheric rivers. We review recent developments in hybrid forecasting and outline key challenges and opportunities in the field.
Amin Shoari Nejad, Andrew C. Parnell, Alice Greene, Peter Thorne, Brian P. Kelleher, Robert J. N. Devoy, and Gerard McCarthy
Ocean Sci., 18, 511–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-511-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-511-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have collated multiple sources of tide gauge data for Dublin Port, and subsequently corrected them for bias. We have then shown that these corrected mean sea level measurements agree with nearby tide gauges to a far higher degree than the raw data. A longer-term comparison with Brest and Newlyn also indicates overall agreement. Our final adjusted dataset estimated the rate of sea level rise to be 1.1 mm/yr between 1953 and 2016 and 7 mm/yr between 1997 and 2016 at Dublin Port.
Samuel O. Awe, Martin Mahony, Edley Michaud, Conor Murphy, Simon J. Noone, Victor K. C. Venema, Thomas G. Thorne, and Peter W. Thorne
Clim. Past, 18, 793–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We unearth and analyse 2 decades of highly valuable measurements made on Mauritius at the Royal Alfred Observatory, where several distinct thermometer combinations were in use and compared, at the turn of the 20th century. This series provides unique insights into biases in early instrumental temperature records. Differences are substantial and for some instruments exhibit strong seasonality. This reinforces the critical importance of understanding early instrumental series biases.
Hadush Meresa, Conor Murphy, Rowan Fealy, and Saeed Golian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5237–5257, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5237-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5237-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The assessment of future impacts of climate change is associated with a cascade of uncertainty linked to the modelling chain employed in assessing local-scale changes. Understanding and quantifying this cascade is essential for developing effective adaptation actions. We find that not only do the contributions of different sources of uncertainty vary by catchment, but that the dominant sources of uncertainty can be very different on a catchment-by-catchment basis.
Seán Donegan, Conor Murphy, Shaun Harrigan, Ciaran Broderick, Dáire Foran Quinn, Saeed Golian, Jeff Knight, Tom Matthews, Christel Prudhomme, Adam A. Scaife, Nicky Stringer, and Robert L. Wilby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4159–4183, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We benchmarked the skill of ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) for a diverse sample of 46 Irish catchments. We found that ESP is skilful in the majority of catchments up to several months ahead. However, the level of skill was strongly dependent on lead time, initialisation month, and individual catchment location and storage properties. We also conditioned ESP with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation and show that improvements in forecast skill, reliability, and discrimination are possible.
Louise J. Slater, Bailey Anderson, Marcus Buechel, Simon Dadson, Shasha Han, Shaun Harrigan, Timo Kelder, Katie Kowal, Thomas Lees, Tom Matthews, Conor Murphy, and Robert L. Wilby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3897–3935, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3897-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3897-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Weather and water extremes have devastating effects each year. One of the principal challenges for society is understanding how extremes are likely to evolve under the influence of changes in climate, land cover, and other human impacts. This paper provides a review of the methods and challenges associated with the detection, attribution, management, and projection of nonstationary weather and water extremes.
Cited articles
Allan, R., Brohan, P., Compo, G. P., Stone, R., Luterbacher, J., and
Brönnimann, S.: The international atmospheric circulation
reconstructions over the earth (ACRE) initiative, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 1421–1425, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS3218.1, 2011.
Barrington, R. M.: The drought of 1887, and some of its effects on Irish
agriculture, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 9, p. 223, ISSN: 00814776,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/911736931?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true (last access: 12 September 2021), 1888.
Böhm, R., Jones, P. D., Hiebl, J., Frank, D., Brunetti, M., and Maugeri, M.: The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European
temperature series 1760–2007, Climatic Change, 101, 41–67,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9649-4, 2010.
Brönnimann, S., Allan, R., Ashcroft, L., Baer, S., Barriendos, M.,
Brázdil, R., Brugnara, Y., Brunet, M., Brunetti, M., Chimani, B., and Cornes, R.: Unlocking pre-1850 instrumental meteorological records:
A global inventory, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, ES389–ES413,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0040.1, 2019.
Brunet, M. and Jones, P.: Data rescue initiatives: bringing historical
climate data into the 21st century, Clim. Res., 47, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00960, 2011.
Brunet, M., Asin, J., Sigró, J., Bañón, M., García, F., Aguilar, E., Palenzuela, J. E., Peterson, T. C., and Jones, P.: The minimization of the screen bias from ancient Western Mediterranean air temperature records: an exploratory statistical analysis, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1879–1895, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2192, 2011.
Cahill, A.: How the Irish keep their cool, Irish Press, https://archive-irishnewsarchive-com.jproxy.nuim.ie/Olive/APA/INA.Edu/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=IPR/1976/06/28&id=Ar00101&sk=74_D555A7 (last access: 22 March 2021), 28 June 1976.
Cameron, H. J. : Meteorological obersvations take during the year 1829 to
1852 at the Ordnanace Survey Office, Phoenix Park Dublin: to which is added
a series of similar observations made at the principal trigonometrical
stations, and at other places, in Ireland, Alexander Thom and Sons Dublin, Ireland, 1856.
Camuffo, D.: Errors in Early Temperature Series Arising from Changes in Style
of Measuring Time, Sampling Schedule and Number of Observations, Climatic
Change, 53, 331–352, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014962623762, 2002.
Cerveny, R. S., Bessemoulin, P., Burt, C. C., Cooper, M. A., Cunjie, Z., Dewan, A., Finch, J., Holle, R. L., Kalkstein, L., Kruger, A., and Lee, T. C.: WMO assessment of weather and climate mortality extremes: lightning, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and hail, Weather Clim. Soc., 9, 487–497, https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0120.1, 2017.
Ciaran-kelly-Ireland: Re-evaluating extreme heat temperature records using Ireland as a proxy, GitHub [dataset], https://github.com/CIARAN-KELLY-IRELAND/-Reassessing-long-standing-meteorological-records, last access: 14 October 2022.
City Population: KILKENNY (Ireland), City Population, available at:
https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ireland/towns/KK_kilkenny/, last access: 8 December 2021.
Courtney, J., Buchan, S., Cerveny, R., Bessemoulin, P., Peterson, T. C., Rubiera Torres, J. M., Beven, J., King, J., Trewin, B., and Rancourt, K.: Documentation and verification of the world extreme wind gust record: 113.3 m s−1 on Barrow Island Australia, during passage of tropical cyclone Olivia, Aust. Meteorol. Ocean., 62, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.22499/2.6201.001, 2012.
Dixon, F. E.: Weather in old Dublin, Dublin Historical Record, Old Dublin Society, 13, 94–107, 1953.
El Fadli, K., Cerveny, R., Burt, C., Eden, P., Parker, D., Brunet, M.,
Peterson, T., Mordacchini, G., Pelino, V., Bessemoulin, P., Stella, J.,
Driouech, F., Wahab, M., and Pace, M.: World Meteorological Organization
Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 ∘C Temperature Extreme
at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 199–204, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1, 2013.
Freemans Journal: Smithfield Market – London, Friday, Freemans Journal, https://archive-irishnewsarchive-com.jproxy.nuim.ie/Olive/APA/INA.Edu/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=FMJ/1851/06/30&id=Ar00312&sk=736004A9 (last access: 29 April 2021), 30 June 1851.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I.,
Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1979 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6, 2018a.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1959 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47, 2018b.
Irish Meteorological Service: The climate of Dublin, Irish Meteorological Service, Dublin, 1983.
Kelly, C.: CIARAN-KELLY-IRELAND/-Reassessing-long-standing-meteorological-records: Reassessing-long-standing-meteorological-records, Version v2.0.0, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7125213, 2022.
Lang, T. J., Pédeboy, S., Rison, W., Cerveny, R. S., Montanyà, J., Chauzy, S., MacGorman, D. R., Holle, R. L., Ávila, E. E., Zhang, Y., Carbin, G., Mansell, E. R., Kuleshov, Y., Peterson, T. C., Brunet, M., Driouech, F., and Krahenbuhl, D. S.: WMO world record lightning extremes: Longest reported flash distance and longest reported flash duration, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 1153–1168, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1, 2017.
Láska, K., King, J., Bromwich, D., Jones, P., Solomon, S., Renwick, J.,
Lazzara, M., de los Milagros Skansi, M., Brunet, M., Peterson, T., and Burt, C.: Antarctic extreme temperature record evaluation, WMO MeteoWorld, 2018/2, ISSN 1818-7137, https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/meteoworld (last access: 19 October 2021), June 2018.
Leinster Express: London Markets. Corn Exchange – Monday, Leinster Express, https://archive-irishnewsarchive-com.jproxy.nuim.ie/Olive/APA/INA.Edu/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=LEE/1851/06/28&id=Ar00301&sk=C5_F36D51 (last access: 29 April 2021), 28 June 1851.
Mateus, C., Potito, A., and Curley, M.: Reconstruction of a long-term historical daily maximum and minimum air temperature network dataset for Ireland (1831–1968), Geosci. Data J., 7, 102–115, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.92, 2020.
McDill, Z.: A City in Co. Kilkenny in Ireland, ArcGIS StoryMaps,
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/cb7c886c4e1a412db98f8d71906fe984, last access: 8 December 2021.
Merlone, A., Al-Dashti, H., Faisal, N., Cerveny, R. S., AlSarmi, S.,
Bessemoulin, P., Brunet, M., Driouech, F., Khalatyan, Y., Peterson, T. C., and Rahimzadeh, F.: Temperature extreme records: World Meteorological
Organization metrological and meteorological evaluation of the 54.0 ∘C observations in Mitribah, Kuwait and Turbat, Pakistan in
2016/2017, Int. J. Climatol., 39, 5154–5169, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6132,
2019.
Met Éireann: Weather Extreme Records for Ireland, Met Éireann,
https://www.met.ie/climate/weather-extreme-records (last access: 13 August 2021), 2020.
Meteorological Council: Report of the Meteorological Council to the Royal Society For the Year ending 31st of March 1890, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., p. 73,
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YnEMAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA72&hl=en_GB (last access: 30 July 2021), 1890.
Murphy, C., Wilby, R. L., Matthews, T. K. R., Thorne, P., Broderick, C., Fealy, R., Hall, J., Harrigan, S., Jones, P., McCarthy, G., MacDonald, N., Noone, S., and Ryan, C.: Multi-century trends to wetter winters and drier summers in the England and Wales precipitation series explained by observational and sampling bias in early records, Int. J. Climatol., 40, 610–619, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6208, 2020.
NOAA PSL (NOAA Physical Science Laboratory): The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project, NOAA PSL, https://www.psl.noaa.gov/data/20thC_Rean/, last access: 5 September 2020.
Noone, S., Broderick, C., Duffy, C., Matthews, T., Wilby, R. L., and Murphy,
C.: A 250-year drought catalogue for the Island of Ireland (1765–2015),
Int. J. Climatol., 37, 239–254, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4999, 2017.
O'Laoghog, S. S.: The Dry Period October 1974 to August 1976 [report], Met
Éireann, Internal Memorandum, 88/79, 1979, 1979–01, 1979.
Parker, D. E. : Effects of changing exposure of thermometers at land
stations, Int. J. Climatol., 14, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370140102, 1994.
Peterson, M. J., Lang, T. J., Bruning, E. C., Albrecht, R., Blakeslee, R. J.,
Lyons, W. A., Pédeboy, S., Rison, W., Zhang, Y., Brunet, M., and Cerveny,
R. S.: New WMO certified megaflash lightning extremes for flash distance
(709 km) and duration (16.73 seconds) recorded from space, Geophys. Res. Let., 47, e2020GL088888, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088888, 2020.
Purevjav, G., Balling Jr., R. C., Cerveny, R. S., Allan, R., Compo, G. P.,
Jones, P., Peterson, T. C., Brunet, M., Driouech, F., Stella, J. L., and Svoma, B. M.: The Tosontsengel Mongolia world record sea-level pressure extreme: spatial analysis of elevation bias in adjustment-to-sea-level pressures, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 2968–2977, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4186, 2015.
Quetelard, H., Bessemoulin, P., Cerveny R. S., Peterson, T. C., Burton, A.,
and Boodhoo, Y.: World record rainfalls (72-hour and four-day accumulations) at Cratère Commerson, Réunion Island, during the passage of Tropical Cyclone Gamede, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 603–608, 2009.
Redmond, J.: Sun Sets a Poser, Irish Press, https://archive-irishnewsarchive-com.jproxy.nuim.ie/Olive/APA/INA.Edu/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=IPR/1976/06/24&id=Ar01400&sk=E0_C59558 (last access: 22 March 2021), 24 June 1976.
RMS: Report of the council for the year 1889, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 16, 86–119, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4970167403, 1890.
Rohan, P. K.: The Climate of Ireland, 2nd edn., Meteorological Service, Dublin, 1986.
Schildkamp, V.: So it was 42.9 degrees, where did the mysterious heat in
Deelen come from?, Algemeen Dagblad,
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/het-was-dus-wel-
42-9-graden-waar-kwam-die-mysterieuze-hitte-in-deelen-vandaan-br~a07dfb22/?referrer=https://en.wikipedia.org/
(last access: 20 October 2020), 3 December 2019.
Slivinski, L. C., Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., et al.: Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth
Century Reanalysis system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 2876–2908, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3598, 2019.
Smith, B.: Hottest temperature on earth revised, The Sunday Morning Herald,
https://www.smh.com.au/environment/hottest-temperature-on-earth-revised-20120914-25wji.html
(last access: 16 October 2020), 14 September 2012.
South African Weather Station (SAWS): Vioolsdrif temperature on 28 November 2019, https://www.weathersa.co.za/Documents/Corporate/Medrel2Dec2019b%20Vioolsdrif%20temperature.pdf (last access: 20 October 2020), 2019.
Stevenson, T. C. E.: New Description of Box for Holding Thermometers, Journal
of the Scottish Meteorological Society, 1, 122 pp., 1864.
Stubbs, M. W.: EXCEPTIONAL EUROPEAN WEATHER IN 1976, Weather, 32, 457–463,
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1977.tb04504.x, 1977.
Trewin, B.: Exposure, instrumentation, and observing practice effects on land temperature measurements, WIREs Clim. Change, 1, 490–506, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.46, 2010.
UCAR: 3. Conventional Meteorological Station Data, An Introduction to
Atmospherice and Oceanic Datasets, NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-404+IA, NCAR, Boulder, CO,
https://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/tn404/text/tn404_6.html, last access: 1 July 2021.
UK Met Office: Historic station data, UK Met Office [data set], https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data, last access: 24 November 2022.
Vose, R. S., Applequist, S., Squires, M., Durre, I., Menne, M. J., Williams Jr., C. N., Fenimore, C., Gleason, K., and Arndt, D.: NOAA Monthly U.S. Climate Divisional Database (NClimDiv), 20th Century Reanalysis (V3), NOAA National Climatic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/V5M32STR, 2014.
Weidner, G., King, J., Box, J. E., Colwell, S., Jones, P., Lazzara, M.,
Cappelen, J., Brunet, M., and Cerveny, R. S.: WMO evaluation of northern
hemispheric coldest temperature: −69.6 ∘C at Klinck, Greenland,
22 December 1991, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 21—29,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3901, 2021.
WMO: Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation, Volume I –
Measurement of meteorological variables, WMO-No. 8,
https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10616 (last access: 1 January 2021), 2018.
WMO: World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive, WMO,
https://wmo.asu.edu/#global, last access: 9 April 2021.
Short summary
The highest currently recognised air temperature (33.3 °C) ever recorded in the Republic of Ireland was logged at Kilkenny Castle in 1887. This paper reassesses the plausibility of the record using various methods such as inter-station reassessment and 20CRv3 reanalysis. As a result, Boora 1976 at 32.5 °C is presented as a more reliable high-temperature record for the Republic of Ireland. The final decision however rests with the national meteorological service, Met Éireann.
The highest currently recognised air temperature (33.3 °C) ever recorded in the Republic of...