Articles | Volume 18, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Aug 2022
Research article |
| 26 Aug 2022
| 26 Aug 2022
A 15-million-year surface- and subsurface-integrated TEX86 temperature record from the eastern equatorial Atlantic
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Koen J. van der Laan
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Francien Peterse
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Gert-Jan Reichart
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 1797 SZ `t Horntje, the Netherlands
Francesca Sangiorgi
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Stefan Schouten
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 1797 SZ `t Horntje, the Netherlands
Tjerk J. T. Veenstra
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Appy Sluijs
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Cited
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Southern Ocean control on atmospheric CO2 changes across late Pliocene Marine Isotope Stage M2 S. Hou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-79-2025
- Lipid-biomarker-based sea surface temperature record offshore Tasmania over the last 23 million years S. Hou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023
- Replicability of paleotemperature records in the northern Okinawa Trough and its implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions R. Tung et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-024-00664-5
- Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in biostratigraphy: state of the art and perspectives for future research J. Pross et al. https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2025/0871
- Reviews and syntheses: Best practices for the application of marine GDGTs as proxy for paleotemperatures: sampling, processing, analyses, interpretation, and archiving protocols P. Bijl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6465-2025
- Climate Evolution Through the Onset and Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation E. McClymont et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000793
- Climate variability, heat distribution, and polar amplification in the warm unipolar “icehouse” of the Oligocene D. Jenny et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024
- Disconnection of the late Pliocene Agulhas Leakage from Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation S. Hou et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02055-5
- GaDGeT: An open-source R-workflow for fast and flexible GDGT index calculations T. Schneider & I. Castañeda https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2025.102374
- Late Neogene nannofossil assemblages as tracers of ocean circulation and paleoproductivity over the NW Australian shelf B. Karatsolis & J. Henderiks https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-765-2023
- Assessing environmental change associated with early Eocene hyperthermals in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA W. Rush et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023
- Strength and variability of the Oligocene Southern Ocean surface temperature gradient F. Hoem et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00666-5
- Variations in isoprenoid tetraether lipids through the water column of the Western Pacific Ocean: Implications for sedimentary TEX86 records J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.01.013
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Southern Ocean control on atmospheric CO2 changes across late Pliocene Marine Isotope Stage M2 S. Hou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-79-2025
- Lipid-biomarker-based sea surface temperature record offshore Tasmania over the last 23 million years S. Hou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023
- Replicability of paleotemperature records in the northern Okinawa Trough and its implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions R. Tung et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-024-00664-5
- Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in biostratigraphy: state of the art and perspectives for future research J. Pross et al. https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2025/0871
- Reviews and syntheses: Best practices for the application of marine GDGTs as proxy for paleotemperatures: sampling, processing, analyses, interpretation, and archiving protocols P. Bijl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6465-2025
- Climate Evolution Through the Onset and Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation E. McClymont et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000793
- Climate variability, heat distribution, and polar amplification in the warm unipolar “icehouse” of the Oligocene D. Jenny et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024
- Disconnection of the late Pliocene Agulhas Leakage from Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation S. Hou et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02055-5
- GaDGeT: An open-source R-workflow for fast and flexible GDGT index calculations T. Schneider & I. Castañeda https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2025.102374
- Late Neogene nannofossil assemblages as tracers of ocean circulation and paleoproductivity over the NW Australian shelf B. Karatsolis & J. Henderiks https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-765-2023
- Assessing environmental change associated with early Eocene hyperthermals in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA W. Rush et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023
- Strength and variability of the Oligocene Southern Ocean surface temperature gradient F. Hoem et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00666-5
- Variations in isoprenoid tetraether lipids through the water column of the Western Pacific Ocean: Implications for sedimentary TEX86 records J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.01.013
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 08 Sep 2026
Short summary
The TEX86 proxy is often used by paleoceanographers to reconstruct past sea-surface temperatures. However, the origin of the TEX86 signal in marine sediments has been debated since the proxy was first proposed. In our paper, we show that TEX86 carries a mixed sea-surface and subsurface temperature signal and should be calibrated accordingly. Using our 15-million-year record, we subsequently show how a TEX86 subsurface temperature record can be used to inform us on past sea-surface temperatures.
The TEX86 proxy is often used by paleoceanographers to reconstruct past sea-surface...
