Articles | Volume 17, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-805-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-805-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 08 Apr 2021
| 08 Apr 2021
A global climatology of the ocean surface during the Last Glacial Maximum mapped on a regular grid (GLOMAP)
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Stefan Mulitza
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Rüdiger Stein
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
Martin Werner
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
Viewed
Total article views: 4,453 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 19 Feb 2020)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,062 | 1,269 | 122 | 4,453 | 127 | 162 |
- HTML: 3,062
- PDF: 1,269
- XML: 122
- Total: 4,453
- BibTeX: 127
- EndNote: 162
Total article views: 3,350 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 08 Apr 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,510 | 766 | 74 | 3,350 | 78 | 121 |
- HTML: 2,510
- PDF: 766
- XML: 74
- Total: 3,350
- BibTeX: 78
- EndNote: 121
Total article views: 1,103 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 19 Feb 2020)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 552 | 503 | 48 | 1,103 | 49 | 41 |
- HTML: 552
- PDF: 503
- XML: 48
- Total: 1,103
- BibTeX: 49
- EndNote: 41
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 4,453 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 4,234 with geography defined
and 219 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 3,350 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,257 with geography defined
and 93 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,103 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 977 with geography defined
and 126 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Preface: Advances in paleoclimate data synthesis and analysis of associated uncertainty: towards data–model integration to understand the climate L. Jonkers et al. 10.5194/cp-17-2577-2021
- Evolution of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since the last glaciation: model simulations and relevance to present and future Z. Liu 10.1098/rsta.2022.0190
- Coexchangeable Process Modeling for Uncertainty Quantification in Joint Climate Reconstruction L. Astfalck et al. 10.1080/01621459.2024.2325705
- Large-ensemble simulations of the North American and Greenland ice sheets at the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmospheric general circulation–ice sheet model S. Sherriff-Tadano et al. 10.5194/cp-20-1489-2024
- Testing the reliability of global surface temperature reconstructions of the Last Glacial Cycle with pseudo-proxy experiments J. Baudouin et al. 10.5194/cp-21-381-2025
- A new global surface temperature reconstruction for the Last Glacial Maximum J. Annan et al. 10.5194/cp-18-1883-2022
- Glacial state of the global carbon cycle: time-slice simulations for the last glacial maximum with an Earth-system model T. Kurahashi-Nakamura et al. 10.5194/cp-18-1997-2022
- Increasingly Sophisticated Climate Models Need the Out‐Of‐Sample Tests Paleoclimates Provide N. Burls & N. Sagoo 10.1029/2022MS003389
- Open ocean convection drives enhanced eastern pathway of the glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation S. Gu et al. 10.1073/pnas.2405051121
- The Earth system model CLIMBER-X v1.0 – Part 1: Climate model description and validation M. Willeit et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-5905-2022
- Atlantic inflow and low sea-ice cover in the Nordic Seas promoted Fennoscandian Ice Sheet growth during the Last Glacial Maximum M. Simon et al. 10.1038/s43247-023-01032-9
- Deglaciation and abrupt events in a coupled comprehensive atmosphere–ocean–ice-sheet–solid-earth model U. Mikolajewicz et al. 10.5194/cp-21-719-2025
- Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years P. Clark et al. 10.1126/science.adi1908
- Surface mass balance and climate of the Last Glacial Maximum Northern Hemisphere ice sheets: simulations with CESM2.1 S. Bradley et al. 10.5194/cp-20-211-2024
- A Modeling Perspective on the Lingering Glacial Sea Surface Temperature Conundrum S. Krätschmer et al. 10.1029/2022GL100378
- Strong temperature gradients in the ice age North Atlantic Ocean revealed by plankton biogeography L. Jonkers et al. 10.1038/s41561-023-01328-7
- Millennial‐Scale Climate Oscillations Triggered by Deglacial Meltwater Discharge in Last Glacial Maximum Simulations Y. Romé et al. 10.1029/2022PA004451
- Towards spatio-temporal comparison of simulated and reconstructed sea surface temperatures for the last deglaciation N. Weitzel et al. 10.5194/cp-20-865-2024
- ForCenS-LGM: a dataset of planktonic foraminifera species assemblage composition for the Last Glacial Maximum L. Jonkers et al. 10.1038/s41597-024-03166-7
- Assessing transient changes in the ocean carbon cycle during the last deglaciation through carbon isotope modeling H. Kobayashi et al. 10.5194/cp-20-769-2024
- The Northeast Pacific Ocean and Northwest Coast of North America within the global climate system, 29,000 to 11,700 years ago D. Mann & B. Gaglioti 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104782
- De‐Tuning Albedo Parameters in a Coupled Climate Ice Sheet Model to Simulate the North American Ice Sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum N. Gandy et al. 10.1029/2023JF007250
- The PMIP4 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3 simulations M. Kageyama et al. 10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021
- Multicentennial-scale coupling of the East Asian monsoon to North Atlantic climates during the Last Glacial Maximum Y. Cui et al. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112445
- The Hydrologic Cycle and Atmospheric Rivers in CESM2 Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum J. Lora et al. 10.1029/2023GL104805
- Linking North Atlantic and Alpine Last Glacial Maximum climates via a high-resolution pollen-based subarctic forest steppe record R. Pini et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107759
- Effects of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sea surface temperature and sea ice extent on the isotope–temperature slope at polar ice core sites A. Cauquoin et al. 10.5194/cp-19-1275-2023
- Coexchangeable process modelling for uncertainty quantification in joint climate reconstruction L. Astfalck et al. 10.1080/01621459.2024.2325705
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Preface: Advances in paleoclimate data synthesis and analysis of associated uncertainty: towards data–model integration to understand the climate L. Jonkers et al. 10.5194/cp-17-2577-2021
- Evolution of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since the last glaciation: model simulations and relevance to present and future Z. Liu 10.1098/rsta.2022.0190
- Coexchangeable Process Modeling for Uncertainty Quantification in Joint Climate Reconstruction L. Astfalck et al. 10.1080/01621459.2024.2325705
- Large-ensemble simulations of the North American and Greenland ice sheets at the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmospheric general circulation–ice sheet model S. Sherriff-Tadano et al. 10.5194/cp-20-1489-2024
- Testing the reliability of global surface temperature reconstructions of the Last Glacial Cycle with pseudo-proxy experiments J. Baudouin et al. 10.5194/cp-21-381-2025
- A new global surface temperature reconstruction for the Last Glacial Maximum J. Annan et al. 10.5194/cp-18-1883-2022
- Glacial state of the global carbon cycle: time-slice simulations for the last glacial maximum with an Earth-system model T. Kurahashi-Nakamura et al. 10.5194/cp-18-1997-2022
- Increasingly Sophisticated Climate Models Need the Out‐Of‐Sample Tests Paleoclimates Provide N. Burls & N. Sagoo 10.1029/2022MS003389
- Open ocean convection drives enhanced eastern pathway of the glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation S. Gu et al. 10.1073/pnas.2405051121
- The Earth system model CLIMBER-X v1.0 – Part 1: Climate model description and validation M. Willeit et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-5905-2022
- Atlantic inflow and low sea-ice cover in the Nordic Seas promoted Fennoscandian Ice Sheet growth during the Last Glacial Maximum M. Simon et al. 10.1038/s43247-023-01032-9
- Deglaciation and abrupt events in a coupled comprehensive atmosphere–ocean–ice-sheet–solid-earth model U. Mikolajewicz et al. 10.5194/cp-21-719-2025
- Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years P. Clark et al. 10.1126/science.adi1908
- Surface mass balance and climate of the Last Glacial Maximum Northern Hemisphere ice sheets: simulations with CESM2.1 S. Bradley et al. 10.5194/cp-20-211-2024
- A Modeling Perspective on the Lingering Glacial Sea Surface Temperature Conundrum S. Krätschmer et al. 10.1029/2022GL100378
- Strong temperature gradients in the ice age North Atlantic Ocean revealed by plankton biogeography L. Jonkers et al. 10.1038/s41561-023-01328-7
- Millennial‐Scale Climate Oscillations Triggered by Deglacial Meltwater Discharge in Last Glacial Maximum Simulations Y. Romé et al. 10.1029/2022PA004451
- Towards spatio-temporal comparison of simulated and reconstructed sea surface temperatures for the last deglaciation N. Weitzel et al. 10.5194/cp-20-865-2024
- ForCenS-LGM: a dataset of planktonic foraminifera species assemblage composition for the Last Glacial Maximum L. Jonkers et al. 10.1038/s41597-024-03166-7
- Assessing transient changes in the ocean carbon cycle during the last deglaciation through carbon isotope modeling H. Kobayashi et al. 10.5194/cp-20-769-2024
- The Northeast Pacific Ocean and Northwest Coast of North America within the global climate system, 29,000 to 11,700 years ago D. Mann & B. Gaglioti 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104782
- De‐Tuning Albedo Parameters in a Coupled Climate Ice Sheet Model to Simulate the North American Ice Sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum N. Gandy et al. 10.1029/2023JF007250
- The PMIP4 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3 simulations M. Kageyama et al. 10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021
- Multicentennial-scale coupling of the East Asian monsoon to North Atlantic climates during the Last Glacial Maximum Y. Cui et al. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112445
- The Hydrologic Cycle and Atmospheric Rivers in CESM2 Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum J. Lora et al. 10.1029/2023GL104805
- Linking North Atlantic and Alpine Last Glacial Maximum climates via a high-resolution pollen-based subarctic forest steppe record R. Pini et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107759
- Effects of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sea surface temperature and sea ice extent on the isotope–temperature slope at polar ice core sites A. Cauquoin et al. 10.5194/cp-19-1275-2023
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 21 Aug 2025
Short summary
Maps and fields of near-sea-surface temperature differences between the past and present can be used to visualize and quantify climate changes and perform simulations with climate models. We used a statistical method to map sparse and scattered data for the Last Glacial Maximum time period (23 000 to 19 000 years before present) to a regular grid. The estimated global and tropical cooling would imply an equilibrium climate sensitivity in the lower to middle part of the currently accepted range.
Maps and fields of near-sea-surface temperature differences between the past and present can be...
