Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1181-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1181-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Jun 2021
Research article |
| 14 Jun 2021
| 14 Jun 2021
2400 years of climate and human-induced environmental change recorded in sediments of Lake Młynek in northern Poland
Institute of Archaeology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Jerzy Nitychoruk
Faculty of Economic and Technical Sciences, Pope John Paul II State
Higher School of Education, Biała Podlaska, Poland
Leszek Marks
Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Krzysztof Bińka
Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Anna Rogóż-Matyszczak
Faculty of Economic and Technical Sciences, Pope John Paul II State
Higher School of Education, Biała Podlaska, Poland
Milena Obremska
Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Abdelfattah Zalat
Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Related authors
No articles found.
Ewa Zin, Tomasz Związek, Marcin Klisz, Sandra Słowińska, Dominik Róg, Milena Obremska, Dominika Łuców, Jarosław Pietruczuk, Joachim Popek, Katarzyna Piotrowicz, Kamil Pilch, Krzysztof Szewczyk, Agnieszka Halaś, and Michał Słowiński
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3975, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3975, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We used a multi-proxy approach combining peat, tree ring, climate, and historical records to reconstruct >2,300 years of peatland dynamics in a Central European region. Results show a human-induced shift from alder to pine forest due to land use change and acidification, stressing the importance of long-term records for peatland conservation.
Agnieszka Halaś, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Milena Obremska, Dominika Łuców, and Michał Słowiński
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1422, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Western Siberian peatlands regulate global climate, but their response to permafrost thaw remains poorly studied. Our study analyzed peat cores from a peat plateau and a lake edge to track changes over two centuries. We found that permafrost thawing, driven by rising temperatures, altered peatland hydrology, vegetation, and microbial life. These shifts may expand with further warming, affecting carbon storage and climate feedbacks. Our findings highlight early warning signs of ecosystem change.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Cited articles
Ahlgren, J., Reitzel, K., De Brabandere, H., Gogoll, A., and Rydin, E.: Release of organic P forms from lake sediments, Water Res., 45, 565–572, 2011.
Bauer, A. and Velde, B.: Geochemistry at the Earth's Surface Movement of
Chemical Elements, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.
Bińka, K., Cieśla, A., Łącka, B., Madeyska, T., Marciniak, B.,
Szeroczyńska, K., and Więckowski, K.: The development of Błędowo Lake (Central Poland) – A palaeoecological study, Stud. Geol. Polon., 100, 1–83, 1991.
Bińka, K., Welc, F., Nitychoruk, J., Sieradz, D., and Lewczuk, A: Unique
finds in palynological spectra: acetolyze resistant vegetative forms of
freshwater dinofagellate based on the Lake Młynek record from northeastern
Poland, Studia Quaternaria, 37, 59–67, 2020.
Blaauw, M. and Christen, J. A.: Flexible Palaeoclimate Age-Depth Models Using an Autoregressive Gamma Process, Bayesian Anal., 6, 457–474, 2011.
Blaauw, M., Christen, J. A., Mauquoy, D., van der Plicht, J., and Bennett, K. D.: Testing the timing of radiocarbon dated events between proxy archives, Holocene, 17, 283–288, 2007.
Bloemdal, J. and deMenocal, P.: Evidence for a change in the periodicity of
tropical climate cycles at 2.4 Myr from whole-core magnetic
susceptibility measurements, Nature, 342, 897–900, 1989.
Bojakowska, I.: Phosphorous in lake sediments of Poland – results of
monitoring research, Limnological Review, 16, 15–25, 2016.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., Demenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G.: A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic holocene and glacial climates, Science, 278, 1257–1266, 1997.
Brauer, A.: Annually laminated lake sediments and their palaeoclimatic
relevance, in: The Climate in Historical Times, Towards a Synthesis of
Holocene Proxy Data and Climate Models, GKSS School of Environmental
Research, edited by: Fischer, H., Kumke, T., Lohmann, G.,
Flöser, G., Miller, H., von Storch, H., and Negendank, J. F. W., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 111–129, 2004.
Brauer, A., Dulski, P., Mangili, C., Mingram, J., and Liu, J.: The potential of varves in high-resolution palaeolimnological studies, PAGES News, 17, 96–98, 2009.
Cooke, G. D., Welch, E. B., Peterson, S., and Nichols, S. A.: Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 2005.
Czymzik, M., Dulski, P., Plessen, B., von Grafenstein, U., Naumann, R.,
and Brauer, A.: A 450-year record of spring-summer flood layers in annually
laminated sediments from Lake Ammersee (southern Germany), Water Resour.
Res., 46, W11528, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008360, 2010.
Dearing, J. A.: Environmental magnetic susceptibility: using the Bartington
MS2, Chi Publishing, Keniloworth, UK, 1994.
Douglas, M. S. V. and Smol, J. P.: Freshwater diatoms as indicators of
environmental change in the High Arctic, in: The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences, edited by: Stoermer,
E. F. and Smol, J. P., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 227–244, 1999.
Duff, K. E., Zeeb, B. A., and Smol, J. P.: Atlas of Chrysophycean Cysts, 2. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht, the Netherlands, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, London, UK, 1995.
Duff, K. E., Zeeb, B. A., and Smol, J. P.: Chrysophyte cyst biogeographical and ecological distributions: a synthesis, J. Biogeogr., 24, 791–812,
1997.
Elbert, J., Grosjean, M., von Gunten, L., Urrutia, R., Fischer, D.,
Wartenburger, R., Ariztegui, D., Fujak, M., and Hamann, Y.: Quantitative
high-resolution winter (JJA) precipitation reconstruction from varved
sediments of Lago Plomo 47∘ S, Patagonian Andes, AD 1530–2001,
Holocene, 22, 465–474, 2012.
Filbrandt-Czaja, A.: Zmiany szaty roślinnej okolic jeziora Oleczno w
późnym holocenie pod wpływem czynników naturalnych i
antropogenicznych, in: Studia nad osadnictwem średniowiecznym ziemi
chełmińskiej 3, edited by: Chudziak, W., Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika (UMK), Toruń, Poland, 61–68, 1999.
Filbrandt-Czaja, A., Noryśkiewicz, B., and Piernik, A.: Intensification
gradient of settlement processes in pollen diagrams from
Dobrzyńsko-Olsztyńskie Lake District, Ecological Questions, 3, 125–137, 2003.
Francus, P., von Suchodoletz, H., Dietze, M., Donner, R. V., Bouchard, F.,
Roy, A.-J., Fagot, M., Verschuren, D., and Kröopelin, S.: Varved sediments of Lake Yoa (Ounianga Kebir, Chad) reveal progressive drying of the Sahara during the last 6100 years, Sedimentology, 60, 911–934, 2013.
Gałązka, D.: Szczegółowa mapa geologiczna Polski 1 : 50 000, ark. Iława (210) [Detailed Geological Map of Poland, scale 1 : 50 000], Iława sheet (210), Centr. Arch. Geol. Państw. Inst. Geol., Warsaw, Poland, 2009.
Givelet, N., Le Roux, G., Cheburkin, A., Chen, B., Frank, J., Goodsite, M.
E., Kempter, H., Krachler, M., Noernberg, T., Rausch, N., Rheinberger, S.,
Roos-Barraclough, F., Sapkota, A., Scholzb, C., and Shotyk, W.: Suggested
protocol for collecting, handling and preparing peat cores and peat samples
for physical, chemical, mineralogical and isotopic
analyses, J. Environ. Monitor., 6, 481–492, 2004.
Goslar, T., Czernik, J., and Goslar, E.: Low-energy 14C AMS in Poznan radiocarbon Laboratory, Poland, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 223–224, 5–11, 2004.
Hofmann, G., Werum, M., and Lange-Bertalot, H.: Diatomeen im
Süßwasser-Benthos von Mitteleuropa, A. R. G. GantnerVerlag, Rugell,
Liechtenstein, 908 pp., 2011.
Holmes, J. A. and De Decker, P.: The chemical composition of ostracod shells:
application in Quaternary paleoclimatology, in: Ostracoda as proxies for
Quaternary climate change, Developments in Quaternary Science, edited by: Horne, D., Holmes, J. A., Rodriguez-Lazaro, J., and Viehberg, F., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 131–140, 2012.
Hunter, L. E., Delaney, A. J., Lawson, D. E., and Davis, L.: Downhole GPR for high-resolution analysis of material properties near Fairbanks, Alaska, in: Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments, Geological Society, Special Publications, London, UK, edited by: Bristow, C. S. and Jol, H. M., 275–285, 2003.
Hupfer, M. and Lewandowski, J.: Oxygen Controls the Phosphorus Release from Lake Sediments – a Long-Lasting Paradigm in Limnology, Int. Rev. Hydrobiol., 93/4–5, 415–432, 2008.
Jelinowska, A., Tucholka, P., and Wieckowski, K.: Magnetic properties of
sediments in a Polish lake: evidence of a relation between the rock-magnetic
record and environmental changes in Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments,
Geophys. J. Int., 129, 727–736, 1997.
Jutrzenka-Trzebiatowski, A., Czesław, H., and Benon, P.: Roślinność rzeczywista parku krajobrazowego Pojezierza Iławskiego. Olsztyn. Akad. Rol.-Techniczna. Kat. Bot., Wyd. Zespół Parków Krajobrazowych w Jerzwałdzie, 1997.
Karst-Riddoch, T. L., Pisaric, M. F. J., and Smol, J. P.: Diatom responses to 20th century climate-related environmental changes in high elevation mountain
lakes of the northern Canadian Cordillera, J. Paleolimnol., 33, 265–282, 2005.
Kilham, P., Kilham, S. S., and Hecky, R. E.: Hypothesized resource relationships among African planktonic diatoms, Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 1169–1181, 1986.
Kołaczek, P., Kuprjanowicz, M., Karpińska-Kołaczek, M., Szal, M.,
Winter, H., Danel, W., Pochocka-Szwarc, K., and Stachowicz-Rybka, R.: The Late
Glacial and Holocene development of vegetation in the area of a fossil lake
in the Skaliska Basin (north-eastern Poland) inferred from pollen analysis
and radiocarbon dating, Acta Palaeobotanica, 53, 23–52, 2013.
Kondracki, J.: Geografia regionalna Polski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warsaw, Poland, 2002.
Kraska, M. and Piotrowicz, R.: Lobelia lakes: specificity, trophy, vegetation and protection, in: protection of beds and wetlands of Pomerania region 3,
edited by: Malinowski, B., Sorus, Poznań, Poland, 48–52, 2000.
Kupryjanowicz, M.: Postglacial development of vegetation in the vicinity of
the Wigry Lake, Geochronometria, 27, 53–66, 2007.
Kuprjanowicz, M.: Badania palinologiczne w Polsce północno-wschodniej,
in: Człowiek i jego środowisko (Polska północno-wschodnia w
holocenie), Botanical Guidebooks, edited by: Wacnik, A. and Madeyska, E., W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, 77–95, 2008.
Lin, Y. T., Schuettpelz, C. C., Wu, C. H., and Fratta, D.: A combined acoustic and electromagnetic wave-based techniques for bathymetry and subbottom profiling in shallow waters, J. Appl. Geophys., 68, 203–218,
2009.
Ma, L., Wu, J., Abuduwaili, L., and Liu, W.: Geochemical Responses to
Anthropogenic and Natural Influences in Ebinur Lake Sediments of Arid
Northwest China, Plos One, 13, e0155819, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155819, 2016.
Mackereth, F. J. H.: Chemical investigations of lake sediments and their interpretation, Proc. R. Soc. London B, 161, 295–309, 1965.
Madeja, J.: Vegetation changes and human activity around Lake Łańskie
(Olsztyn Lake District, NE Poland) from the mid Holocene, based on
palynological study, Acta Palaeobotanica, 53, 235–261, 2013.
Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. K., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., Faluvegi, G., and Ni, F.: Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly, Science, 326, 1256–1260, 2009.
McCormick, M., Büntgen, U., Cane, M. A., Cook, E. R., Harper, K., Huybers, P., Litt, T., Manning, S. W., Mayewski, P. A., More, A. F. M., Nicolussi, K., and Tegel, W.: Climate Change during and after the Roman Empire: Reconstructing the Past from Scientific and Historical Evidence, J. Interdiscipl. Hist., 43, 169–220, https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_00379, 2012.
Miko, S., Durn, G., Adamcová, R., Čović, M., Dubíková, M., Skalský, R., Kapelj, S., and Ottner, F.: Heavy metal distribution in karst soils from Croatia and Slovakia, Environ. Geol., 45, 262–272, 2003.
Miotk-Szpiganowicz, G., Zachowicz, J., and Uścinowicz, S.: Review and
reinterpretation of the pollen and diatom data from the deposits of the
Southern Baltic lagoons, Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, Warsaw, Poland, 45–70, 2008.
Myers, K. J. and Wignall, P.: Understanding Jurassic Organic-rich Mudrocks – New Concepts using Gamma-ray Spectrometry and Palaeoecology: Examples from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset and the Jet Rock of Yorkshire, in: Marine Clastic Sedimentology, edited by: Legett, J. K. and Zauffa, G., Graham and Trotman, Bath, UK, 172–189, 1987.
Nitychoruk, J. and Welc, F.: Janiki Wielkie, Środowisko
fizyczno-geograficzne, in: Katalog Grodzisk Warmii i Mazur, edited by: Kobyliński, Z., Fundacja Res Publica Multiethnica, Warsaw, Poland, 153–155, 2017.
Noryśkiewicz, A. M.: Historia roślinności i osadnictwa Ziemi
Chełmińskiej w późnym holocenie, Studium palinologiczne, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika,
Toruń, Poland, 266 pp., 2013.
Noryśkiewicz, B.: Lake Steklin – a reference site for the
Dobrzyń-Chełmno Lake District, N Poland, Report on palaeoecological
studies for the IGCP-Project No. 158B, Acta Palaeobotanica, 22, 65–83, 1982.
Noryśkiewicz, B.: History of vegetation during the Late-Glacial and
Holocene in Brodnica Lake District in light of pollen analysis of Lake
Strażym deposits, Acta Palaeobotanica, 27, 283–304, 1987.
Noryśkiewicz, B. and Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M.: Type region P-w:
Dobrzyń-Olsztyn lake District, Acta Palaeobotanica, 29, 85–93, 1989.
Ojala, A. E. K., Kosonen, E., Weckström, J., Korkonen, S., and Korhola, A.:
Seasonal formation of clastic-biogenic varves: the potential for
palaeoenvironmental interpretations, GFF-Special issue: Varve Genesis
Chronol. Paleoclimate, 135, 237–247, 2013.
Pawlikowski, M., Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M., Schönborn, W., Stupnicka, E.,
and Szeroczyńska, K.: Woryty near Gietrzwałd, Olsztyn Lake District, NE Poland – history and lake development during the last 12 000 years, Acta Palaeobotanica, 22, 85–116, 1982.
Peck, J. A., King, J. W., Colman, S. M., and Kravchinsky, V. A.: A rock
magnetic record from lake Baikal, Syberia: Evidence for Late Quaternary
climate change, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 122, 221–238, 1994.
Price, S. J., Howe, R. W., Hanowski, J. M., Regal, R. R., Niemi, G. J., and Smith, C. R.: Are anurans of Great Lakes coastal wetlands reliable indicators of ecological condition, J. Great Lakes Res., 33, 3211–3223, 2007.
Rabiega, K., Rutyna, M., and Wach, D.: Janiki Wielkie, Badania Archeologiczne, w: Katalog Grodzisk Warmii i Mazur, Warsaw, edited by: Kobyliński, Z., Fundacja Res Publica Multiethnica, Warsaw, Poland, 155–174, 2017.
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M.: Type region P-x: Masurian Great Lake Dystrykt, Acta Palaeobotanica, 29, 95–100, 1989.
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M. and Latałowa, A.: Poland, in: Palaeoecological events
during the Last 15 000 years: Regional Synthesis of Palaeoecological Studies
of Lakes and Mires in Europe, edited by: Berglund, B. E., Birks,
H. J. B., Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M., and Wright, H. E., John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, UK, 403–472, 1996.
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M., Goslar, T., Madeyska, T., and Starkel, L.: Lake
Gościąż, Central Poland, a monographic study, W. Szafer
Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland, 1998.
Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C. E., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Turney, C. S. M., and van der Plicht, J.: Selection and treatment of data for radiocarbon calibration: an update to the International Calibration (IntCal) criteria, Radiocarbon, 55, 1923–1945, 2013.
Rühland, K., Paterson, A. M., and Smol, J. P.: Hemispheric-scale patterns of
climate-related shifts in planktonic diatoms from North American and
European lakes, Global Change Biol., 14, 2740–2754, 2008.
Sambuelli, L. and Silvia, S.: Case study: A GPR survey on a morainic lake in
northern Italy for bathymetry, water volume and sediment characterization,
J. Appl. Geophys., 81, 48–56, 2012.
Sambuelli, L., Calzoni, C., and Pesenti, M.: Case history: Waterborne GPR survey
for estimation bottom-sediment variability: A survey on the Po River, Turin,
Italy, Geophysics, 74, 95–102, 2009.
Sandgren, P. and Snowball, I.: Application of mineral magnetic techniques to
Paleolimnology, in: Tracking environmental change using lake sediments,
Physical and geochemical methods 2, edited by: Last, W. and Smol, J., Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2001.
Semrau, A.: Mitteilungen des Coppernicus-Vereins für Wissenschaft und
Kunst zu Thorn, Heft 42, Elbing, Prussia, 1939.
Smol, J. P., Birks, J. B., and Last, W. M.: Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments, Terrestrial, Algal and Siliceous Indicators, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 371 pp., 2001.
Snowball, I.: Mineral magnetic properties of Holocne lake sediments and
soils form the Karsa Valley, Lappland, Sweden, and their relevance to
paleoenvironmental reconstruction, Terra Nova, 5, 258–270, 1993.
Stankevica, K., Kalnina, L., Klavins, M., Cerina, A., Ustupe, L., and Kaup, E.:
Reconstruction of the Holocene Palaeoenvironmental Conditions Accordingly to
the Multiproxy Sedimentary Records from Lake Pilvelis, Latvia, Quatern. Int., 386, 102–115, 2015.
Stevens, L. R., Stone, J. R., Campbell, J., and Fritz, S. C.: A 2200-yr record of hydrologic variability from Foy Lake, Montana, USA, inferred from diatom and geochemical data, Quaternary Res., 65, 264–274, 2006
Stopa-Boryczka, M., Boryczka, J., Wawer, J., Grabowska, K., Dobrowolska, M.,
Osowiec, M., Błażek, E., Skrzypczuk, J., and Grzęda, M.: Climate of
north-eastern Poland based on J. Kondracki and J. Ostrowski's Physiographic
division, Atlas of interdependence of meteorological and geographical
parameters in Poland, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, 2013.
Szal, M., Kupryjanowicz, M., and Wyczółkowski, M.: Late Holocene changes in
vegetation of the Mrągowo Lakeland (NE Poland) as registered in the
pollen record from Lake Salęt, Studia Quaternaria, 31, 51–60, 2014a.
Szal, M., Kupryjanowicz, M., Wyczółkowski, M., and Tylmann, W.: The Iron Age
in the Mrągowo Lake District, Masuria, NE Poland: the Salęt
settlement microregion as an example of long-lasting human impact on
vegetation, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 23, 419–437, 2014b.
Thompson, R. and Oldfield, F.: Environmental magnetism, Allen and Unwin, London, UK, 1986.
Tiljander, M., Ojala, A. E. K., Saarinen, T., and Snowball, I.: Documentation of the physical properties of annually laminated (varved) sediments at a
sub-annual to decadal resolution for environmental interpretation,
Quatern. Int., 88, 5–12, 2002.
Tylmann, W., Szpakowska, K., Ohlendorf, C., Woszczyk, M., and Zolitschka, B.:
Conditions for deposition of annually laminated sediments in small
meromictic lakes: a case study of Lake Suminko (northern Poland), J.
Paleolimnol., 47, 55–70, 2012.
Valpola, S. E. and Ojala, A. E. K.: Post-glacial sedimentation rate and patterns in six lakes of the Kokemöaenjoki upper watercourse, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 11, 195–211, 2006.
Verosub, K. L. and Roberts, A. P.: Environmental Magnetism: past, present and
future, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2175–2192, 1995.
Wacnik, A., Kupryjanowicz, M., Mueller-Bieniek, A., Karczewski, M., and Cywa, K.: The environmental and cultural contexts of the late Iron Age and medieval
settlement in the Mazurian Lake District, NE Poland: combined
palaeobotanical and archaeological data, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 23,
439–459, 2014.
Wacnik, A., Tylmann, W., Bonk, A., Goslar, T., Enters, D., Meyer-Jacob, C., and Grosjean, M.: Determining the responses of vegetation
to natural processes and human impacts in north-eastern Poland during the
last millennium: Combined pollen, geochemical and historical data,
Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 25, 479–498, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-016-0565-z, 2016.
Wanner, H., Beer, J., Bütikofer, J., Crowley, T. J., Cubasch, U., Flückiger, J., Goosse, H., Grosjean, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J. O, Küttel, M., Müller, S. A., Prentice, I. C., Solomina, O., Stocker, T. F., Tarasov, P., Wagner, M., and Widmann, M.: Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: an
overview, Quat. Sci. Rev., 27, 791–1828, 2008.
Welc, F.: Lake sediments and geoarchaeology (editorial), Studia Quaternaria, 34, 3–8, 2017.
Welc, F.: Geoarchaeological evidence of late and post-Antiquity
(5th–9th c. AD) climate changes recorded at the Roman site in
Plemići Bay (Zadar region, Croatia), Studia Quaternaria, 36, 3–17,
2019.
Wetzel, R. G. (Ed.): Past productivity: paleolimnology, in: Limnology, Lake and River Ecosystems, edn. 3, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 785–804, 2001.
Wilkinson, A. N., Zeeb, B. A., and Smol, J. P.: Atlas of chrysophycean cysts,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht, The Netherlands, 2002.
Williams, D. M. and Round, F. E.: Revision of the genus Fragilaria,
Diatom Res., 2, 267–288, 1987.
Wirth, S. B., Gilli, A., Niemann, H., Dahl, T. W., Ravasi, D., Sax, N., Hamann, Y., Peduzzi, R., Peduzzi, S., Tonolla, M., Lehmann, M. F., and Anselmetti, F. S.: Combining sedimentological, trace metal (Mn, Mo) and molecular evidence for reconstructing past water-column redox conditions: the example of meromictic Lake Cadagno (Swiss Alps), Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 120, 220–238, 2013.
Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H., and Metzeltin, D.: Diatom flora of marine
coasts I, in: Iconographia diatomologica: annotated diatom micrographs, edited by: Lange-Bertalot, H., A. R. G. Gantner Verlag, Liechtenstein, Germany, 1–925, 2000.
Zachowicz, J. and Kępińska, U.: The palaeoecological development of Lake Drużno (Vistula Deltaic Area), Acta Palaeobotanica, 27, 227–249, 1987.
Zachowicz, J., Przybyłowska-Lange, W., and Nagler, J.: The Late-glacial and Holocene vegetational history of the Żulawy region, N Poland, A.
Biostratigraphic study of Lake Drużno sediments, Acta Palaeobotanica, 22, 141–161, 1982.
Zalat, A. A.: Holocene diatom assemblages and their palaeoenvironmental
interpretations in Fayoum Depression, Western Desert, Egypt, Quatern. Int., 369, 86–98, 2015.
Zalat, A. A. and Vildary, S. S.: Distribution of diatom assemblages and their relationship to environmental variables in the surface sediments of three northern Egyptian lakes, J. Paleolimnol., 34, 159–174, 2005.
Zalat, A. A., Welc, F., Nitychoruk, J., Marsk, L., Chodyka, M., and Zbucki, Ł.: Last two millennia water level changes of the Młynek Lake (Northern
Poland) inferred from diatoms and chrysophyte cysts record, Studia Quaternaria, 35, 77–89, 2018.
Zolitschka, B.: Varved lake sediments, in: Encyclopaedia of Quaternary
Science, edited by: Elias, S. A., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 3105–3114, 2007.
Short summary
Młynek Lake, located near the village of Janiki Wielkie (in the Warmia and Masuria region of north-east Poland) has been selected for multi-faceted palaeoenvironmental research based on a precise radiocarbon scale. Bottom sediments of this reservoir also contain unique information about anthropogenic activity and climate changes during last 2400 years.
Młynek Lake, located near the village of Janiki Wielkie (in the Warmia and Masuria region of...
