The paper provides an updated analysis of Poland's climate, focusing on the 16th century using a multiproxy approach (documentary evidence and dendrochronological data). Newly gathered historical sources and dendrochronological data helped reconstruct five updated mean air temperature series: decadal winter and summer means from documentary evidence, and annual means for winter and late winter–early spring derived from dendrochronological data.

We present new transfer functions based on diatom assemblages to reconstruct the deep-ocean biological pump and carbonate counter-pump in the Southern Ocean over the last glacial period. The reconstructed biological pump in the antarctic zone was 50 % during the last glacial maximum when compared to the Holocene, and the carbonate counter-pump was 17 % lower. Both processes could have contributed to lower atmospheric CO₂ during the last glacial period.