S. J. Hunter3,1 , P. J. Valdes2 , A. M. Haywood3 , and P. J. Markwick4
S. J. Hunter et al.
S. J. Hunter3,1 , P. J. Valdes2 , A. M. Haywood3 , and P. J. Markwick4
1 British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK 2 BRIDGE, School of Geographical Sciences, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK 3 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK 4 GETECH, Kitson House, Elmete Hall, Elmete Lane, Leeds, LS8 2LJ, UK
1 British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK 2 BRIDGE, School of Geographical Sciences, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK 3 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK 4 GETECH, Kitson House, Elmete Hall, Elmete Lane, Leeds, LS8 2LJ, UK
Hide author details
Received: 25 Jul 2008 – Discussion started: 25 Aug 2008
In this paper we describe the results from an ensemble of palaeoclimate simulations of the Maastrichtian using the fully-coupled dynamic ocean-atmosphere General Circulation Model, HadCM3L. Using appropriate Maastrichtian boundary conditions, we investigate the sensitivity of the predicted palaeoclimate to changing atmospheric CO2 levels and modelled vegetation treatment. In addition, we explore the climatic response to the changed geography using a comparison with a pre-industrial experiment. We describe our results alongside the findings of previous modelling studies in particular with consideration to concepts of climate equability. Our findings demonstrate increased global temperatures compared with the pre-industrial experiment, with a 5.9°C increase in temperatures associated with the change to 1×CO2 Maastrichtian conditions and a further 3.9°C warming associated with a quadrupling of atmospheric CO2 levels. Compared to the pre-industrial we find a latitudinal temperature profile that is reduced in gradient and shifted to higher temperatures. Our control 4×CO Maastrichtian experiment exceeds the pre-industrial by 6.5–8.6°C, 7.4–11.2°C, and 10.1–32.4°C in the equatorial, mid and high latitudes respectively. We also find a general pattern of increased thermal seasonality in the high latitudes. In terms of global mean annual temperatures we find a range of 18.1–23.6°C for our 1–6×atmospheric CO2 envelope. Other than in the northern high latitudes we find satisfactory levels of agreement between the ensemble temperature envelope and estimates from palaeotemperature proxies. The inclusion of a dynamic vegetation model (TRIFFID) leads to a further increase in the thermal seasonality at high latitudes, warming in the mid to high latitudes and increased precipitation in the low and mid latitudes.
S. J. Hunter et al.
Viewed
Total article views: 3,579 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
HTML
PDF
XML
Total
BibTeX
EndNote
852
2,629
98
3,579
55
97
HTML: 852
PDF: 2,629
XML: 98
Total: 3,579
BibTeX: 55
EndNote: 97
Views and downloads (calculated since 01 Feb 2013)
Month
HTML
PDF
XML
Total
Feb 2013
3
15
1
19
Mar 2013
2
15
3
20
Apr 2013
5
14
2
21
May 2013
6
24
0
30
Jun 2013
3
10
0
13
Jul 2013
1
7
0
8
Aug 2013
5
0
5
Sep 2013
1
10
2
13
Oct 2013
4
7
0
11
Nov 2013
3
6
0
9
Dec 2013
2
17
0
19
Jan 2014
3
12
0
15
Feb 2014
7
15
2
24
Mar 2014
6
16
0
22
Apr 2014
7
13
3
23
May 2014
8
10
0
18
Jun 2014
7
9
1
17
Jul 2014
4
17
0
21
Aug 2014
5
16
0
21
Sep 2014
6
0
6
Oct 2014
2
9
1
12
Nov 2014
2
13
0
15
Dec 2014
7
87
0
94
Jan 2015
188
0
188
Feb 2015
7
18
0
25
Mar 2015
13
4
0
17
Apr 2015
9
9
0
18
May 2015
4
5
0
9
Jun 2015
5
8
0
13
Jul 2015
8
5
0
13
Aug 2015
5
5
0
10
Sep 2015
2
4
0
6
Oct 2015
5
4
0
9
Nov 2015
8
2
2
12
Dec 2015
2
4
0
6
Jan 2016
15
9
0
24
Feb 2016
8
9
1
18
Mar 2016
8
3
0
11
Apr 2016
6
4
0
10
May 2016
5
4
1
10
Jun 2016
4
5
0
9
Jul 2016
4
1
5
Aug 2016
3
5
0
8
Sep 2016
3
4
0
7
Oct 2016
3
40
0
43
Nov 2016
5
29
1
35
Dec 2016
5
33
0
38
Jan 2017
6
45
1
52
Feb 2017
16
27
4
47
Mar 2017
27
59
13
99
Apr 2017
26
74
12
112
May 2017
29
57
7
93
Jun 2017
28
47
8
83
Jul 2017
8
48
1
57
Aug 2017
2
51
0
53
Sep 2017
6
63
0
69
Oct 2017
3
56
0
59
Nov 2017
3
54
0
57
Dec 2017
9
53
0
62
Jan 2018
8
47
0
55
Feb 2018
14
28
3
45
Mar 2018
8
47
0
55
Apr 2018
8
63
0
71
May 2018
11
68
2
81
Jun 2018
4
71
0
75
Jul 2018
10
70
1
81
Aug 2018
7
63
0
70
Sep 2018
7
93
0
100
Oct 2018
8
83
0
91
Nov 2018
10
77
1
88
Dec 2018
6
73
0
79
Jan 2019
5
79
0
84
Feb 2019
8
62
0
70
Mar 2019
4
77
0
81
Apr 2019
5
69
0
74
May 2019
5
6
0
11
Jun 2019
6
9
0
15
Jul 2019
6
15
0
21
Aug 2019
3
10
0
13
Sep 2019
2
2
0
4
Oct 2019
2
3
1
6
Nov 2019
4
4
0
8
Dec 2019
6
2
0
8
Jan 2020
9
3
1
13
Feb 2020
8
1
1
10
Mar 2020
1
4
0
5
Apr 2020
6
0
6
May 2020
3
1
2
6
Jun 2020
5
0
5
Jul 2020
10
8
10
28
Aug 2020
1
2
2
5
Sep 2020
1
2
0
3
Oct 2020
6
3
1
10
Nov 2020
5
5
1
11
Dec 2020
4
5
1
10
Jan 2021
6
6
0
12
Feb 2021
6
3
0
9
Mar 2021
8
4
0
12
Apr 2021
5
4
0
9
May 2021
9
5
0
14
Jun 2021
8
3
0
11
Jul 2021
5
0
5
Aug 2021
7
4
0
11
Sep 2021
8
3
0
11
Oct 2021
21
6
0
27
Nov 2021
14
5
0
19
Dec 2021
12
5
1
18
Jan 2022
24
4
0
28
Feb 2022
11
7
0
18
Mar 2022
8
1
1
10
Apr 2022
11
3
0
14
May 2022
5
1
0
6
Jun 2022
12
3
0
15
Jul 2022
6
1
0
7
Aug 2022
15
3
0
18
Sep 2022
12
3
0
15
Oct 2022
10
1
11
Nov 2022
9
6
0
15
Dec 2022
12
5
1
18
Jan 2023
4
1
0
5
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 01 Feb 2013)
Month
HTML views
PDF downloads
XML downloads
Feb 2013
3
15
1
Mar 2013
5
30
4
Apr 2013
10
44
6
May 2013
16
68
6
Jun 2013
19
78
6
Jul 2013
20
85
6
Aug 2013
20
90
6
Sep 2013
21
100
8
Oct 2013
25
107
8
Nov 2013
28
113
8
Dec 2013
30
130
8
Jan 2014
33
142
8
Feb 2014
40
157
10
Mar 2014
46
173
10
Apr 2014
53
186
13
May 2014
61
196
13
Jun 2014
68
205
14
Jul 2014
72
222
14
Aug 2014
77
238
14
Sep 2014
77
244
14
Oct 2014
79
253
15
Nov 2014
81
266
15
Dec 2014
88
353
15
Jan 2015
88
541
15
Feb 2015
95
559
15
Mar 2015
108
563
15
Apr 2015
117
572
15
May 2015
121
577
15
Jun 2015
126
585
15
Jul 2015
134
590
15
Aug 2015
139
595
15
Sep 2015
141
599
15
Oct 2015
146
603
15
Nov 2015
154
605
17
Dec 2015
156
609
17
Jan 2016
171
618
17
Feb 2016
179
627
18
Mar 2016
187
630
18
Apr 2016
193
634
18
May 2016
198
638
19
Jun 2016
202
643
19
Jul 2016
206
643
20
Aug 2016
209
648
20
Sep 2016
212
652
20
Oct 2016
215
692
20
Nov 2016
220
721
21
Dec 2016
225
754
21
Jan 2017
231
799
22
Feb 2017
247
826
26
Mar 2017
274
885
39
Apr 2017
300
959
51
May 2017
329
1,016
58
Jun 2017
357
1,063
66
Jul 2017
365
1,111
67
Aug 2017
367
1,162
67
Sep 2017
373
1,225
67
Oct 2017
376
1,281
67
Nov 2017
379
1,335
67
Dec 2017
388
1,388
67
Jan 2018
396
1,435
67
Feb 2018
410
1,463
70
Mar 2018
418
1,510
70
Apr 2018
426
1,573
70
May 2018
437
1,641
72
Jun 2018
441
1,712
72
Jul 2018
451
1,782
73
Aug 2018
458
1,845
73
Sep 2018
465
1,938
73
Oct 2018
473
2,021
73
Nov 2018
483
2,098
74
Dec 2018
489
2,171
74
Jan 2019
494
2,250
74
Feb 2019
502
2,312
74
Mar 2019
506
2,389
74
Apr 2019
511
2,458
74
May 2019
516
2,464
74
Jun 2019
522
2,473
74
Jul 2019
528
2,488
74
Aug 2019
531
2,498
74
Sep 2019
533
2,500
74
Oct 2019
535
2,503
75
Nov 2019
539
2,507
75
Dec 2019
545
2,509
75
Jan 2020
554
2,512
76
Feb 2020
562
2,513
77
Mar 2020
563
2,517
77
Apr 2020
569
2,517
77
May 2020
572
2,518
79
Jun 2020
577
2,518
79
Jul 2020
587
2,526
89
Aug 2020
588
2,528
91
Sep 2020
589
2,530
91
Oct 2020
595
2,533
92
Nov 2020
600
2,538
93
Dec 2020
604
2,543
94
Jan 2021
610
2,549
94
Feb 2021
616
2,552
94
Mar 2021
624
2,556
94
Apr 2021
629
2,560
94
May 2021
638
2,565
94
Jun 2021
646
2,568
94
Jul 2021
651
2,568
94
Aug 2021
658
2,572
94
Sep 2021
666
2,575
94
Oct 2021
687
2,581
94
Nov 2021
701
2,586
94
Dec 2021
713
2,591
95
Jan 2022
737
2,595
95
Feb 2022
748
2,602
95
Mar 2022
756
2,603
96
Apr 2022
767
2,606
96
May 2022
772
2,607
96
Jun 2022
784
2,610
96
Jul 2022
790
2,611
96
Aug 2022
805
2,614
96
Sep 2022
817
2,617
96
Oct 2022
827
2,617
97
Nov 2022
836
2,623
97
Dec 2022
848
2,628
98
Jan 2023
852
2,629
98
Cited
Saved
Latest update: 28 Jan 2023