the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 22 Jun 2021
Synchronous Northern and Southern Hemisphere response of the westerly wind belt to solar forcing
Abstract. It has been suggested from observations that the 11-year solar cycle influences regional tropospheric temperature and circulation relatively symmetrically around the equator. During periods of low (high) solar activity, the mid-latitude storm tracks are weakened (strengthened) and shifted towards the equator (poles). The mechanisms behind solar influence on climate are still debated and evidence from paleoclimate records often lacks precise dating required for assessing the global context. Well-dated proxy-based evidence for solar activity and natural climate change exist for the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting pattern similar to today for periods of grand solar minima. However, well-dated and high-resolution terrestrial climate reconstructions are lacking for the Southern Hemisphere. Here we present a unique precisely dated record for past changes in humidity and windiness from the Crozet archipelago at 46° S in the Southern Indian Ocean, a site strongly influenced by the westerly wind belt. We find an increased influence of the westerly winds shortly after 2800 cal year BP synchronous with a major decline in solar activity and significant changes in Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude wind and humidity records. Supported by a general circulation model run encompassing a grand solar minimum, we infer that periods of low solar activity are connected to an equator-ward shift of the mid-latitude westerly wind belts in both hemispheres comparable to the climate reaction to 11-year solar cycle variability inferred from reanalysis data. We conclude that solar forcing is connected to the bipolar climate response about 2800 years ago through synchronous changes in atmospheric circulation of similar sign in both hemispheres.
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RC1: 'Comment on cp-2021-69', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Aug 2021
I appreciate the opportunity to comment on manuscript CP-2021-69 by Van der Putten et al. This study investigates late Holocene changes in the hydroclimate of the SH mid-latitudes through the multi-proxy analysis of a peat sequence (and to a lesser extent one adjacent lake sediment core) from a small volcanic island in the Indian Ocean. The authors focus on a short time-window around 2.8 cal kyr BP, which corresponds to the Homeric solar minimum. They attribute a shift to wetter conditions that occurred shortly after 2.8 cal kyr BP to an equatorward displacement of the southern westerly wind belt, and they argue that it represents a response to solar forcing, coeval with similar changes that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere. They conclude that the Homeric solar minimum is responsible for wind belt shifts in both hemispheres around 2.8 cal kyr BP.
The manuscript is concise and well written but, in my opinion, the current version suffers from three major issues:
- Data interpretation is biased. The data clearly shows a shift from drier to wetter conditions at 2.8 cal kyr BP. This shift was already identified in the same core(s) by the same authors more than 10 years ago (Van der Putten et al, Palaeo3, 2008). The interpretation of the data in terms of shift in the southern westerlies is justified. However, here, the authors attribute this SWW shift to a change in solar activity, without evaluating any other possible mechanism. The fact that the timing matches the Homeric minimum and that solar activity is known to modify pressure gradients is simply not sufficient to link the observed moisture change to solar activity. It may well be the case but focusing on a single mechanism from the start without evaluating other possibilities is poor scientific practice. Why is this shift not visible in other records from the Southern Hemisphere if the forcing is global? The interpretation is therefore biased towards solar activity, which uncoincidentally seems to be one of the main research topics of the research group at VU Amsterdam. This is the main issue with this manuscript.
- What data is new vs previously published is unclear. This manuscript is based on cores published in Van der Putten et al Paleo3 (2008). Compared to that earlier publication, the authors have improved the core chronology around 2.8 cal kyr BP and apparently measured additional variables (eg XRF core scanning), but whether the other data (eg macrofossils, MS) has already been published or was remeasured at higher resolution for this manuscript is unclear. The authors need to clearly identify the previously published vs new datasets.
- Some of the results are not properly illustrated, making part of the manuscript difficult to follow. For example, the shift in lake sedimentation described at lines 187-189 is not shown anywhere. Some of these results may already be presented in Van der Putten et al 2008 but the current manuscript should be a standalone publication.
In summary, the authors present data that confirm the presence of the 2.8 cal kyr BP shift in the SWW that was identified by Van der Putten et al 2008. They argue that this shift is a response of the wind belt to the Homeric solar minimum but this interpretation is biased. Having a single record in the SH that shows a SWW shift coinciding with the 2.8 cal kyr BP solar minimum does not necessarily mean that solar forcing is responsible for the apparent interhemispheric synchronicity (cf title). Therefore, I cannot recommend this manuscript for publication in Climate of the Past at this stage. This manuscript could be reconsidered for publication if (a) the authors can demonstrate that the dataset is significantly new and (b) solar activity is proposed as one of the possible explanations, leaving the door open to other mechanisms. The absence of this event in other records from the SH should also be discussed. The relative lack of novelty (compared to Van der Putten et al 2008) may become an issue then.
**Minor comments (line number):
1-2: The title reflects the biased interpretation. The authors should be more honest and focus on the 2.8 cal kyr BP shift in SH hydroclimate. Observing a change in one record from the SH doesn’t make the signal interhemispheric.
4: Affiliation 2 should appear before 3
36: add “possibly” before attributed and modify the rest of the manuscript accordingly.
58: I do not specifically follow the literature on solar activity but evidence for a solar influence on climate doesn’t really seem to have increased in the last decade. This is not particularly supported by the references listed here either. Delete “increasing”.
76: add comma after perspective
Figure 1: Why is panel (d) not labeled? This part of the figure is entirely from Van der Putten et al 2008. Please indicate it here. Also, add “MRP” (MRL is on the figure), and delete “onset organic lake deposits 2753 cal yr BP” (there is no reason to add lithological information for MRL and not MRP, and an age without error bar is not appropriate). Also, what does the second vertical dashed line represent? Another lake sediment core? Why was this core not used? What is core selection based on?
102: Clearly state when these cores were collected, which results have already been published, and do not cite S4 before S2 and S3
106: Replace “additional coring” with “In addition, Morne Rouge Lake (MRL) was cored …”. When I first read the manuscript, I did not immediately realize that a 2nd site had been cored since the data is not shown anywhere (see comments to Fig 1 above too).
108: “One of the lake sequences”. How many are there? How/why was this one selected?
122-124: This is not illustrated anywhere and therefore difficult to follow
126-129: The reference to Van der Putten et al 2008 applies to the data (previously published) and not just to the method. Please be clear about it.
133: latter part – do you mean 185-344 cm? If yes, please repeat it here to avoid confusion.
137-139: Why not using centered log ratios instead? See Weltje et al. DPER 2015.
145-155: What is new and what has already been published in Van der Putten et al 2008? Did you increase the resolution around the 2.8 kyr interval? This should be crystal clear.
187-189: Where can readers see this transition?
199: What about erosion from the watershed? The peatbog doesn’t seem ombrotrophic and it seems to be surrounded by steep slopes (Fig 1d). No inlet doesn’t mean no terrestrial runoff during intense precipitation, especially since sediments did reach the lake. Does the grain-size of these particles support and aeolian origin? This comment also applies to line 240.
Figure 2: (a,b): blue dots linked by green lines are confusing. I first thought that the dots and lines represented different datasets. Please simplify. (b): Delete “log-transformed” and add unit. It seems that you simply plotted the MS data (in 10-5 SI?) using a log scale. (c) the mix of colors is confusing. “Morne Rouge” (written vertically): is this from the lake or peat record?
230: I agree with “minerogenic” but what is the evidence for “wind-driven”?
256: Morne Rouge lake or peat record?
262-265: This observation is honest and correct but it was already written as such in Van der Putten et al 2008.
266-304: What about other records from the Southern Hemisphere? If the mechanism is really global, as the authors argue here, many other mid-latitude SH records should show a shift at 2.8 cal kyr BP. There are certainly enough records from Patagonia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and other sub-Antarctic islands. Why is the shift not visible in the Amsterdam Island record for example (Li et al QSR 2020)?
287: An alternative explanation is that the SWW shift is long-lasting (multi-centennial/millennial). This would be in better agreement with other Holocene records from the SH and would not require a relatively complex threshold explanation. Does this threshold explanation also apply to the lake record?
296-304: The external forcing seems to be justified but the authors should also evaluate/discuss mechanisms that do not involve solar activity. This interpretation is biased. Although the synchroneity between this record and other records from the NH is a valid argument, other mechanisms not involving solar activity are possible and should not be neglected here. If a solar minimum was the reason, why is a particularly marked shift at 2.8 kyr not observed in most other SH records?
335-339: Their record does not show any decrease in precipitation contemporary to the solar forcing minimum at 2.8 cal kyr BP.
336: add “than” after dated? Or add comma.
341-342: the “wettening” (is that a word?) of the mid-latitudes is just not supported by data from the literature.
Fig 3 and S1: Why was 10m selected for zonal wind speed? A pressure (altitude) of 850 or 700 mb is generally used to represent moisture transported by the SWW.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-69-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://cp.copernicus.org/preprints/cp-2021-69/cp-2021-69-AC1-supplement.pdf
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RC2: 'Comment on cp-2021-69', Anonymous Referee #2, 22 Sep 2021
I carefully read this manuscript by Van der Putten and colleagues entitled: “Synchronous Northern and southern Hemisphere response of the westerly wind belt to solar forcing”. I feel that this is a much needed manuscript. It presents sound paleoecological and paleoclimatological interpretations of a peat core located on a well-positioned island that offers a plentiful of possibilities for the reconstruction solar-driven anomalies in the vigor and direction of westerlies in the southern hemisphere. I am not a specialist of peat chronologies, but I believe that my comments may be shared by others who are not peat specialists and that wish to better appreciate the results found in this manuscript. I therefore suggest to accept this manuscript providing that minor revisions are made.
First, the title does not indicate that this a manuscript about paleoecology, paleoclimatology or any other paleoscience. The title is misleading and could well refer to a “modelling-only” manuscript about pure, dynamical interactions that exist between solar forcing variability and the behaviour of westerlies in both hemispheres. The title is thus too vague, and probably too general to really describe what the manuscript is really about. Please provide a way to clarify either the timescale, the methods, or the type of data directly in the title and clearly specify that this is a manuscript is based on both model and data in the field paleoclimatology or paleoecology.
Second, The introduction is mute about the necessity to base such a research on multiple proxies. The authors spend quite a lot of time defining the necessity to precise the chronological framework to investigate, from a paleo-perspective (L76), sun-climate relationships. However, when we keep reading the manuscript, we discover that the authors use a vast array of proxies, each with its own sensitivity, that include XRF analysis, magnetic susceptibility, geochemical tracers, in addition to more standard paleoecological (macrofossil and diatom) analysis. In my opinion, the authors should insist more, in the introduction, to precise the need to consider so many different proxies. What is the originality with such a multi-proxy approach?, what is the innovation compared to previous proxy-based studies?, is there an assumption / hypothesis that makes these proxies more sensitive to wind and solar-driven dynamics than those used in previous studies or this just standard analysis; in my opinion it is not the case? Without such additions, the use (and strengths) of multiple proxies falls under the radar of the reader, and the strengths originating from the multi-proxy approach is significantly devaluated.
Section 3.7. Modelling ... of what?. Section 3.7 is too short and not clear about the objectives pursued by the modelling. It is necessary to precise the objectives and hypothesis pursued by the modelling experiments, along with the limitations of such an approach.
L200. Change from low to high MS values is interpreted as an increased influx of minerogenic material due to stronger winds. How can the authors be so confident about such an explanation? Wouldn’t a period of drought and / or reduction in the density of vegetation cover in the vicinity of the site also result in an enhanced minerogenic input? Please provide additional details that will reinforce your interpretations.
Section 4.3. Comparison between 11-yr solar cycles in the ‘modern” period and the Homeric Minimum falls a bit short of argumentation and description. First, how do these two timescales compare in terms of W/m2 reduction attributable to solar forcing remains unexplored. I fear that comparing 11 year cycles with much longer change in irradiance is a bit like comparing apples and oranges, both in terms of ocean-atmosphere response, and also in terms lag, magnitude and persistence of response in the hemispheric climate as a whole (that includes retroactions with sea ice, thermohaline circulation coupling with pressure fields and wind dymamics etc. ). Also, it is not clear to me how the authors can “’isolate” the spatial patterns of SST variability in the ERA-20C reanalysis, as solar forcing, if any, is intermingled with many other sources of internal and external variability. Attribution to solar forcing here is risky, and not well supported by analysis. Please improve section 4.3 to document how the attribution (to solar forcing) is made in the ERA-20C which is, contrarily to the 1200 year run, not uniquely forced by TSI.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-69-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://cp.copernicus.org/preprints/cp-2021-69/cp-2021-69-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
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RC3: 'Comment on cp-2021-69', Anonymous Referee #3, 01 Oct 2021
Thank you very much for giving me the opportunity to review this manuscript and my apologies with the delay since I was on the field for a while. The manuscript presents a record from the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes that is correlated with a record in the Northern Hemisphere to explain the importance of solar forcing as a global climate driver. I unfortunately think that this manuscript cannot be considered for publication in Climate of the past as it presents several conceptual and scientific flaws that I will develop here below.
First of all, the MS is biased towards one climate driver (which is one of the main subjects of the author’s group/faculty): solar forcing. There are other external drivers that could explain modifications in the westerly position/intensity and precipitations in the area, but the authors seem not to discuss them. Secondly, the authors ignore a series of papers in the same latitudinal range of the Southern Hemisphere that could serve as solid comparison. Curiously enough, not a lot of those papers talk about solar forcing and invoke other drivers. I encourage the authors to read again those papers (check other records in the Indian Ocean but also Macquarie Island, Marion Island, South Georgia, Falklands, Antarctic Peninsula, etc.) and integrate them in their study. My point being: when working on such an isolated area with the purpose of understanding global drivers, start by looking at the geographically closest records, then move further away. There are records with equivalent depth and age resolution which are closer than DOME C. The same goes for the Northern hemispheric records. Why choosing two specific records when there are plenty of them? Moreover, the selected records (a peatland and a lake) are studies from the same group/co-authors than this paper. If the authors wish to draw such the big picture about such a complex feature as interhemispheric solar forcing, it just seems humble to acknowledge and compare to other records nearby as well as to discuss other drivers. If not, cherry picking one or two records from the similar research group - that just happen to agree with the presented record - to explain one specific short-time event, is of poor scientific practice. I know the case is complex, and the number of papers is high (and that ultimately this will result in selecting papers as journals limit the number of references and one needs to focus to some extend), but here, it seems that there is nothing else done or that there is nothing else to compare with except two papers from the same group and Dome C, which is not the case, and does not help having a global picture.
Besides those practice flaws , I will now focus on other major issues which actually preclude any robust interpretation.
Site location and characteristics:
The authors wish to study wind and precipitation within the westerly core belt. However, their site is clearly located to the east of the island, with mountain ranges to its west. This is far from ideal to study such processes. I therefore question how and why this site was selected, compared to potential sites to the west of the island with more directly influenced by westerly winds and precipitation, and how this location would ultimately affect the relevancy of the record.
To reconstruct wind proxies, one needs of course to have a record that captures atmospheric inputs exclusively, without disturbances due to local erosional (e.g. watershed runoff) or post-depositional processes (dissolution/neoformation of minerals). As we know, only ice cores, loess or ombrotrophic peatlands may provide such characteristics. While the authors claim that besides peat bogs, closed basins like crater basins (like their site composed of a mire and a pond) can act as ombrotrophic archive, this is erroneous. The authors seem to ignore the processes that apply here. It is not only a question of where the particles come from (long range or watershed erosion), it is also how they are preserved after deposition. Here, the upper part of the record is a mire, in other words a minerotrophic peatland, which is subject to mineral inputs from watershed runoff and post-depositional physico-chemical processes. The authors actually give a clue that post-depositional processes exist as they find terrestrial diatoms in their peat profile, directly witnessing that indeed dissolution and mineral neoformation exist (see my comment on diatoms further down). Moreover, even from a small crater, there is runoff in a rainy island, and from the site picture one can easily imagine erosion from the almost vertical crater cliff bordering the site. The peat record will also be affected by the fluctuation of the nearby pond water body (that can bring oxygen, dissolved chemical elements and even lacustrine diatoms as it is suggested by the authors). In other words, it will not act as an ombrotrophic peatland or an atmospheric archive. In an ombrotrophic peatland, the water level does not fluctuate and below the very limited oxygenated acrotelm, the remaining layers are under anoxic conditions, guaranteeing the preservation of mineral particles. This is not the case for a mire that is directly connected to a lake where open-air lake water penetrates the surrounding peat deposits. There will therefore be both influence of watershed runoff, and post-depositional processes. Besides the atmospheric/geochemical aspect of it, the authors also wish to reconstruct bog surface wetness (a proxy of precipitation), a common proxy in peat bogs. But here again the wetness could be influence by the lake level. So again, this is problematic. Then the bottom part of the section is a lake record, that, per definition, would not capture atmospheric signals only. In conclusion, to start with, the site is not suitable to attain the scientific objectives of the paper.
Coring technique:
I am quite surprised by the coring technique which consist in pushing a 11cm diameter, 2.5-m long (and then 5-m long?) PVC tube in the peatland, which is against all the common “good practice” techniques used to retrieve undisturbed peat samples. The so-called Russian peat corer technique dates back from 1955 (Belokopytov and Beresnevich, 1955, Torf Prom.) and was refined by Jowsey in the 60’s (Jowsey, 1966 New Phytol.). Moreover, several review papers explain why pushing a tube is not recommended as it compresses the peat layers, especially at the top part (and this compression can then vary with the characteristic of each layer) when entering the tube, and stretches the peat core while retrieving the tube as suction can happen from the bottom part and the outer walls of the tube. Speaking of suction, I would like to know how the authors retrieved a 2.5-m and then a 5-m tube pushed in wet and rather sticky peat? Having cored peatlands quite a bit, I would say this is impossible without a motorized system, but nothing is described here. I would like to know how that was achieved to counterbalance the important suction. Anyhow, the technique of simply pushing tubes to core peatlands has been avoided by peat scientists for several decades as much more reliable, easier and affordable tools are available. My guess would be that the authors use a single tube section to avoid multiple core sections and difficulties related to that, but this has also been solved a long time ago by taking parallel overlapping cores and date each core section as shown in many publications. I assume the diameter of the tube is perhaps to retrieve as much material as possible, but this is rather unjustified as well, as many multiproxy studies using the same proxies as here were achieved on smaller samples/cores. I therefore greatly question this coring technique not only on a scientific point of view but also in terms of impact on such a fragile ecosystem in a remote area. I recommend the authors to read recent reviews on the matter (e.g. Chambers et al., 2012 JQS; Shotyk et al., 2020 Can. J. Soil. Sci., to cite a few).
Previously published data:
I understand that the authors focused on a particular event for this paper, but I think it is worth mentioning that a substantial amount of data appearing in this paper were already published in Van der Putten et al., 2008. For example, except the higher resolution on the specific time window of this paper, the magnetic susceptibility was already published. The macrofossil data were also already published. The new data here are diatoms at low resolution, XRF (which are not really used, see my comment further below) and 15 radiocarbon dates. I consider poor practice to reuse a large portion of an already published dataset for another paper.
Mineral flux:
Calculating a minerogenic flux is not as simple as the authors do from the LOI. First of all because different vegetation types yield different ash content (e.g. Zaccone et al., 2013 QI; Zaccone et al. 2012 Plant and Soil; Leifeld et al., 2011 Plant and Soil, Sapkota 2006, PhD dissertation available online). For example, some plants can concentrate elements like Si, K, P in their root and stem tissue and neo-form minerals. Halophyte plants will concentrate salts. Other plants develop dense parts or wood that will result in a higher density and ash content. Organic matter can mineralize. Moreover, micro-organisms can form mineral tests from dissolved chemical elements (see my comments on diatoms further down), etc. In other words, pure peat deposits (i.e. without any exogenic mineral input) can yield an ash content from close to 0 to 10% or more. So no, unfortunately, LOI cannot be used to reconstruct a minerogenic dust flux. Of course, LOI gives a trend and an idea of where there are mineral enrichments in peatlands (if vegetation has been stablished to be stable over time, which is not the case here). LOI can help determining mineral peaks, volcanic layers, or biogenic layers that can then be characterized using other tools, but that is pretty much it. Therefore, the only wind proxy presented here, that is derived from LOI, is invalid because 1/ different vegetation yield different ash content, 2/ possible neoformation on root tissue (especially important in silicate rich areas – See Sapkota 2006), 3/ biogenic mineral neoformation (see my comment further below about diatoms). I would suggest the authors to look deeper in their XRF data to see if they could develop an erosion proxy based on some elemental ratios, and distinguish it from the biogenic part of the mineral content. If they then wish to quantify it, they would need to develop a mineral proxy based on concentrations as it has been abundantly done in ombrotrophic peatlands (e.g. Shotyk et al., 2001).
That brings me to the use of the scanning XRF data:
I wonder why the authors actually put these data in. The only diagram is a PCA on the whole dataset showing the opposition between a mineral component and an organic component and a reported PC1 in figure 2, to show that the XRF coincides in telling that the chemical elements are from minerogenic origin. Of course, they are, and of course this diagram is as it is, opposing organic matter to mineral mater as the record is composed of an organic matrix in which were incorporated mineral inputs. To me, the integration of this dataset is useless as it is. It is used to justify the mineral content, but it is somehow a circular reasoning as per definition XRF measures the inorganic compounds of the core. Moreover, since - as said earlier - the minerogenic flux from LOI is erroneous, the XRF interpretation linked to LOI is unsupported. Again, as a suggestion, I would present for some proxy vs time diagrams of this XRF dataset of parts of it, to see for example the lake/peat transition, to search if this could indeed be considered as ombrotrophic or not (although I doubt it will stand out…), to search for tephras or particular mineral layers that could then be interpreted as local erosional or runoff events (and those events, even if from the watershed, could be linked to particular climatic conditions).
Diatoms:
Diatoms can be found in peatlands, but, of course, to form diatoms, there is a need for a dissolved silica source (here in a volcanic island this is no problem). So terrestrial diatoms are mainly found in minerotrophic peatlands where sufficient amounts of mineral particles are available together with conditions favoring their partial dissolution, rendering dissolved Si available to form diatom frustules. Here, the presence of diatoms in the peat part of the profile strongly suggests a post-depositional mobilization of minerals (ie dissolution of Si minerals) that is a strong evidence for minerotrophy and that tells that part of the mineral content of the peatland is not derived from atmospheric/wind inputs, but is of in situ biogenic origin. So not only it is an evidence that minerotrophic peatland cannot be used to reconstruct wind using mineral fluxes because of post-depositional issues, but it also tells that because a part of the mineral content is of post-depositional, in situ biogenic origin, the interpretation that the authors make of their mineral flux derived from LOI as a wind proxy is once again erroneous. The authors also mention that they find some lacustrine diatoms in the peat section of the record and explain it by “temporary flooding” of the peatland, or wind-blown lake spray. Once again, this is evidence for post-depositional processes in the peat section of the record, and “contamination” of the mineral content by lacustrine diatoms, rendering the mineral flux from LOI useless in terms of wind proxy since some layers are a mixture of in situ deposition, biogenic formation, and inputs from the lake.
Resolution:
The authors claim that they have a low uncertainty (55 years) on the age-depth model during the Homeric phase (2.8-2.5 cal kyrs BP), but at the end, looking at figure 2, the only high-resolution data in terms of depth resolution (i.e. that can effectively pinpoint the 2.8 event with a good resolution) are the invalid minerogenic flux, the magnetic susceptibility (also a proxy of mineral inputs) and PC1 of the XRF data, useless as it is (see my comments on those proxies earlier). In other word, 3 graphs that tell the same thing, two of which are objectionable. The other proxies are low resolution. The macrofossil data display 40 points/5000 years (= 1point/125yrs). The diatom data display 32points/5000 years (= 1point/156yrs), for a specific event that lasts 300 years at best. So overall, besides the proxy issues I point out before there is no sufficient high-resolution valid data to draw robust conclusions in terms of precipitation and wind changes. The age-depth modeling may be very good with low uncertainties, but then if a proxy is investigated at low depth resolution, the proxy vs age graph remains low resolution.
I have not gone deeper into commenting the interpretation part of the manuscript as I think that there are flaws that render that interpretation speculative: lack of use of existing literature, flaws in the data generation, bias towards one climate driver, relatively low resolution of parts of the dataset. One can also question the novelty of this paper compared to Van der Putten et al. (2008) which already deals with solar forcing in the same core with, in great part, the same data. I am sorry I cannot be more positive but I think this paper needs a considerable amount of modifications before being submitted again for review if the authors manage to make it a novel/original contribution standing out of their previous paper.
Other suggestions:
Introduction:
Section before last, the authors tell they present a unique terrestrial proxy record for wind and precipitation. This is of course overstated as, as I already wrote earlier, several records exist at around the same latitude, or more largely at high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere.
Lake core:
The authors talk about a lake core in the introduction and the methods, but do not really mention it later and do not present diagrams together with the peat core. I wonder why. Could we have a comparison of both with common proxies? Also, I wonder how we could determine if what has been attributed as lake sediment (i.e. before the lake peat transition) is not a former peatland that was subsequently flooded, because the basal ages of the lake core and the peat core are similar. Another plausible process would be that the peatland at the edge of the lake would erode as it accumulates, and deposit in the lake bottom. There is no evidence the authors have investigated these possibilities and indeed the lake transition invoked in the introduction is not really detailed. Moreover, the schematic drawing of figure 1 makes no distinction and is confusing since it looks like it is all peat, even below the lake water body.
Dating:
I would like to know what where exactly the macrofossils composed of. Remains of above ground plants? Which species, which plant parts? I suggest the authors to add a column on their table about that both for the peat and lake samples.
Why removing outliers? Date inversions are a common feature when dating the Holocene, especially where the calibration curve display wiggles, which is the case here. Removing outliers without providing a relevant explanation (e.g. post-depositional processes in the peatland, contamination during laboratory process) should be avoided at all cost and the authors should accept their results as they are. Moreover, any modern age-depth modeling tool like BACON or CLAM can accommodate outliers. I suggest to include them as these are real results and they may contribute to have a more realistic (perhaps slightly larger) uncertainty on calibrated ages. I also suggest to use SHCAL20 as a calibration curve. Even if there is no difference with the SHCAL13 curve for that precise time window, people wishing to compare their (perhaps longer) records to this one will most likely use the latest calibration curve in the future.
Volcanism:
I do not know the volcanism of that sector but since the island is of volcanic origin, have the authors considered that some of those mineral peaks could be tephras from the island or from further away? Have they looked at the particles under a microscope to see if there were glass shards for example?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-69-RC3 -
AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://cp.copernicus.org/preprints/cp-2021-69/cp-2021-69-AC3-supplement.pdf
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AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on cp-2021-69', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Aug 2021
I appreciate the opportunity to comment on manuscript CP-2021-69 by Van der Putten et al. This study investigates late Holocene changes in the hydroclimate of the SH mid-latitudes through the multi-proxy analysis of a peat sequence (and to a lesser extent one adjacent lake sediment core) from a small volcanic island in the Indian Ocean. The authors focus on a short time-window around 2.8 cal kyr BP, which corresponds to the Homeric solar minimum. They attribute a shift to wetter conditions that occurred shortly after 2.8 cal kyr BP to an equatorward displacement of the southern westerly wind belt, and they argue that it represents a response to solar forcing, coeval with similar changes that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere. They conclude that the Homeric solar minimum is responsible for wind belt shifts in both hemispheres around 2.8 cal kyr BP.
The manuscript is concise and well written but, in my opinion, the current version suffers from three major issues:
- Data interpretation is biased. The data clearly shows a shift from drier to wetter conditions at 2.8 cal kyr BP. This shift was already identified in the same core(s) by the same authors more than 10 years ago (Van der Putten et al, Palaeo3, 2008). The interpretation of the data in terms of shift in the southern westerlies is justified. However, here, the authors attribute this SWW shift to a change in solar activity, without evaluating any other possible mechanism. The fact that the timing matches the Homeric minimum and that solar activity is known to modify pressure gradients is simply not sufficient to link the observed moisture change to solar activity. It may well be the case but focusing on a single mechanism from the start without evaluating other possibilities is poor scientific practice. Why is this shift not visible in other records from the Southern Hemisphere if the forcing is global? The interpretation is therefore biased towards solar activity, which uncoincidentally seems to be one of the main research topics of the research group at VU Amsterdam. This is the main issue with this manuscript.
- What data is new vs previously published is unclear. This manuscript is based on cores published in Van der Putten et al Paleo3 (2008). Compared to that earlier publication, the authors have improved the core chronology around 2.8 cal kyr BP and apparently measured additional variables (eg XRF core scanning), but whether the other data (eg macrofossils, MS) has already been published or was remeasured at higher resolution for this manuscript is unclear. The authors need to clearly identify the previously published vs new datasets.
- Some of the results are not properly illustrated, making part of the manuscript difficult to follow. For example, the shift in lake sedimentation described at lines 187-189 is not shown anywhere. Some of these results may already be presented in Van der Putten et al 2008 but the current manuscript should be a standalone publication.
In summary, the authors present data that confirm the presence of the 2.8 cal kyr BP shift in the SWW that was identified by Van der Putten et al 2008. They argue that this shift is a response of the wind belt to the Homeric solar minimum but this interpretation is biased. Having a single record in the SH that shows a SWW shift coinciding with the 2.8 cal kyr BP solar minimum does not necessarily mean that solar forcing is responsible for the apparent interhemispheric synchronicity (cf title). Therefore, I cannot recommend this manuscript for publication in Climate of the Past at this stage. This manuscript could be reconsidered for publication if (a) the authors can demonstrate that the dataset is significantly new and (b) solar activity is proposed as one of the possible explanations, leaving the door open to other mechanisms. The absence of this event in other records from the SH should also be discussed. The relative lack of novelty (compared to Van der Putten et al 2008) may become an issue then.
**Minor comments (line number):
1-2: The title reflects the biased interpretation. The authors should be more honest and focus on the 2.8 cal kyr BP shift in SH hydroclimate. Observing a change in one record from the SH doesn’t make the signal interhemispheric.
4: Affiliation 2 should appear before 3
36: add “possibly” before attributed and modify the rest of the manuscript accordingly.
58: I do not specifically follow the literature on solar activity but evidence for a solar influence on climate doesn’t really seem to have increased in the last decade. This is not particularly supported by the references listed here either. Delete “increasing”.
76: add comma after perspective
Figure 1: Why is panel (d) not labeled? This part of the figure is entirely from Van der Putten et al 2008. Please indicate it here. Also, add “MRP” (MRL is on the figure), and delete “onset organic lake deposits 2753 cal yr BP” (there is no reason to add lithological information for MRL and not MRP, and an age without error bar is not appropriate). Also, what does the second vertical dashed line represent? Another lake sediment core? Why was this core not used? What is core selection based on?
102: Clearly state when these cores were collected, which results have already been published, and do not cite S4 before S2 and S3
106: Replace “additional coring” with “In addition, Morne Rouge Lake (MRL) was cored …”. When I first read the manuscript, I did not immediately realize that a 2nd site had been cored since the data is not shown anywhere (see comments to Fig 1 above too).
108: “One of the lake sequences”. How many are there? How/why was this one selected?
122-124: This is not illustrated anywhere and therefore difficult to follow
126-129: The reference to Van der Putten et al 2008 applies to the data (previously published) and not just to the method. Please be clear about it.
133: latter part – do you mean 185-344 cm? If yes, please repeat it here to avoid confusion.
137-139: Why not using centered log ratios instead? See Weltje et al. DPER 2015.
145-155: What is new and what has already been published in Van der Putten et al 2008? Did you increase the resolution around the 2.8 kyr interval? This should be crystal clear.
187-189: Where can readers see this transition?
199: What about erosion from the watershed? The peatbog doesn’t seem ombrotrophic and it seems to be surrounded by steep slopes (Fig 1d). No inlet doesn’t mean no terrestrial runoff during intense precipitation, especially since sediments did reach the lake. Does the grain-size of these particles support and aeolian origin? This comment also applies to line 240.
Figure 2: (a,b): blue dots linked by green lines are confusing. I first thought that the dots and lines represented different datasets. Please simplify. (b): Delete “log-transformed” and add unit. It seems that you simply plotted the MS data (in 10-5 SI?) using a log scale. (c) the mix of colors is confusing. “Morne Rouge” (written vertically): is this from the lake or peat record?
230: I agree with “minerogenic” but what is the evidence for “wind-driven”?
256: Morne Rouge lake or peat record?
262-265: This observation is honest and correct but it was already written as such in Van der Putten et al 2008.
266-304: What about other records from the Southern Hemisphere? If the mechanism is really global, as the authors argue here, many other mid-latitude SH records should show a shift at 2.8 cal kyr BP. There are certainly enough records from Patagonia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and other sub-Antarctic islands. Why is the shift not visible in the Amsterdam Island record for example (Li et al QSR 2020)?
287: An alternative explanation is that the SWW shift is long-lasting (multi-centennial/millennial). This would be in better agreement with other Holocene records from the SH and would not require a relatively complex threshold explanation. Does this threshold explanation also apply to the lake record?
296-304: The external forcing seems to be justified but the authors should also evaluate/discuss mechanisms that do not involve solar activity. This interpretation is biased. Although the synchroneity between this record and other records from the NH is a valid argument, other mechanisms not involving solar activity are possible and should not be neglected here. If a solar minimum was the reason, why is a particularly marked shift at 2.8 kyr not observed in most other SH records?
335-339: Their record does not show any decrease in precipitation contemporary to the solar forcing minimum at 2.8 cal kyr BP.
336: add “than” after dated? Or add comma.
341-342: the “wettening” (is that a word?) of the mid-latitudes is just not supported by data from the literature.
Fig 3 and S1: Why was 10m selected for zonal wind speed? A pressure (altitude) of 850 or 700 mb is generally used to represent moisture transported by the SWW.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-69-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://cp.copernicus.org/preprints/cp-2021-69/cp-2021-69-AC1-supplement.pdf
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RC2: 'Comment on cp-2021-69', Anonymous Referee #2, 22 Sep 2021
I carefully read this manuscript by Van der Putten and colleagues entitled: “Synchronous Northern and southern Hemisphere response of the westerly wind belt to solar forcing”. I feel that this is a much needed manuscript. It presents sound paleoecological and paleoclimatological interpretations of a peat core located on a well-positioned island that offers a plentiful of possibilities for the reconstruction solar-driven anomalies in the vigor and direction of westerlies in the southern hemisphere. I am not a specialist of peat chronologies, but I believe that my comments may be shared by others who are not peat specialists and that wish to better appreciate the results found in this manuscript. I therefore suggest to accept this manuscript providing that minor revisions are made.
First, the title does not indicate that this a manuscript about paleoecology, paleoclimatology or any other paleoscience. The title is misleading and could well refer to a “modelling-only” manuscript about pure, dynamical interactions that exist between solar forcing variability and the behaviour of westerlies in both hemispheres. The title is thus too vague, and probably too general to really describe what the manuscript is really about. Please provide a way to clarify either the timescale, the methods, or the type of data directly in the title and clearly specify that this is a manuscript is based on both model and data in the field paleoclimatology or paleoecology.
Second, The introduction is mute about the necessity to base such a research on multiple proxies. The authors spend quite a lot of time defining the necessity to precise the chronological framework to investigate, from a paleo-perspective (L76), sun-climate relationships. However, when we keep reading the manuscript, we discover that the authors use a vast array of proxies, each with its own sensitivity, that include XRF analysis, magnetic susceptibility, geochemical tracers, in addition to more standard paleoecological (macrofossil and diatom) analysis. In my opinion, the authors should insist more, in the introduction, to precise the need to consider so many different proxies. What is the originality with such a multi-proxy approach?, what is the innovation compared to previous proxy-based studies?, is there an assumption / hypothesis that makes these proxies more sensitive to wind and solar-driven dynamics than those used in previous studies or this just standard analysis; in my opinion it is not the case? Without such additions, the use (and strengths) of multiple proxies falls under the radar of the reader, and the strengths originating from the multi-proxy approach is significantly devaluated.
Section 3.7. Modelling ... of what?. Section 3.7 is too short and not clear about the objectives pursued by the modelling. It is necessary to precise the objectives and hypothesis pursued by the modelling experiments, along with the limitations of such an approach.
L200. Change from low to high MS values is interpreted as an increased influx of minerogenic material due to stronger winds. How can the authors be so confident about such an explanation? Wouldn’t a period of drought and / or reduction in the density of vegetation cover in the vicinity of the site also result in an enhanced minerogenic input? Please provide additional details that will reinforce your interpretations.
Section 4.3. Comparison between 11-yr solar cycles in the ‘modern” period and the Homeric Minimum falls a bit short of argumentation and description. First, how do these two timescales compare in terms of W/m2 reduction attributable to solar forcing remains unexplored. I fear that comparing 11 year cycles with much longer change in irradiance is a bit like comparing apples and oranges, both in terms of ocean-atmosphere response, and also in terms lag, magnitude and persistence of response in the hemispheric climate as a whole (that includes retroactions with sea ice, thermohaline circulation coupling with pressure fields and wind dymamics etc. ). Also, it is not clear to me how the authors can “’isolate” the spatial patterns of SST variability in the ERA-20C reanalysis, as solar forcing, if any, is intermingled with many other sources of internal and external variability. Attribution to solar forcing here is risky, and not well supported by analysis. Please improve section 4.3 to document how the attribution (to solar forcing) is made in the ERA-20C which is, contrarily to the 1200 year run, not uniquely forced by TSI.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-69-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://cp.copernicus.org/preprints/cp-2021-69/cp-2021-69-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
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RC3: 'Comment on cp-2021-69', Anonymous Referee #3, 01 Oct 2021
Thank you very much for giving me the opportunity to review this manuscript and my apologies with the delay since I was on the field for a while. The manuscript presents a record from the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes that is correlated with a record in the Northern Hemisphere to explain the importance of solar forcing as a global climate driver. I unfortunately think that this manuscript cannot be considered for publication in Climate of the past as it presents several conceptual and scientific flaws that I will develop here below.
First of all, the MS is biased towards one climate driver (which is one of the main subjects of the author’s group/faculty): solar forcing. There are other external drivers that could explain modifications in the westerly position/intensity and precipitations in the area, but the authors seem not to discuss them. Secondly, the authors ignore a series of papers in the same latitudinal range of the Southern Hemisphere that could serve as solid comparison. Curiously enough, not a lot of those papers talk about solar forcing and invoke other drivers. I encourage the authors to read again those papers (check other records in the Indian Ocean but also Macquarie Island, Marion Island, South Georgia, Falklands, Antarctic Peninsula, etc.) and integrate them in their study. My point being: when working on such an isolated area with the purpose of understanding global drivers, start by looking at the geographically closest records, then move further away. There are records with equivalent depth and age resolution which are closer than DOME C. The same goes for the Northern hemispheric records. Why choosing two specific records when there are plenty of them? Moreover, the selected records (a peatland and a lake) are studies from the same group/co-authors than this paper. If the authors wish to draw such the big picture about such a complex feature as interhemispheric solar forcing, it just seems humble to acknowledge and compare to other records nearby as well as to discuss other drivers. If not, cherry picking one or two records from the similar research group - that just happen to agree with the presented record - to explain one specific short-time event, is of poor scientific practice. I know the case is complex, and the number of papers is high (and that ultimately this will result in selecting papers as journals limit the number of references and one needs to focus to some extend), but here, it seems that there is nothing else done or that there is nothing else to compare with except two papers from the same group and Dome C, which is not the case, and does not help having a global picture.
Besides those practice flaws , I will now focus on other major issues which actually preclude any robust interpretation.
Site location and characteristics:
The authors wish to study wind and precipitation within the westerly core belt. However, their site is clearly located to the east of the island, with mountain ranges to its west. This is far from ideal to study such processes. I therefore question how and why this site was selected, compared to potential sites to the west of the island with more directly influenced by westerly winds and precipitation, and how this location would ultimately affect the relevancy of the record.
To reconstruct wind proxies, one needs of course to have a record that captures atmospheric inputs exclusively, without disturbances due to local erosional (e.g. watershed runoff) or post-depositional processes (dissolution/neoformation of minerals). As we know, only ice cores, loess or ombrotrophic peatlands may provide such characteristics. While the authors claim that besides peat bogs, closed basins like crater basins (like their site composed of a mire and a pond) can act as ombrotrophic archive, this is erroneous. The authors seem to ignore the processes that apply here. It is not only a question of where the particles come from (long range or watershed erosion), it is also how they are preserved after deposition. Here, the upper part of the record is a mire, in other words a minerotrophic peatland, which is subject to mineral inputs from watershed runoff and post-depositional physico-chemical processes. The authors actually give a clue that post-depositional processes exist as they find terrestrial diatoms in their peat profile, directly witnessing that indeed dissolution and mineral neoformation exist (see my comment on diatoms further down). Moreover, even from a small crater, there is runoff in a rainy island, and from the site picture one can easily imagine erosion from the almost vertical crater cliff bordering the site. The peat record will also be affected by the fluctuation of the nearby pond water body (that can bring oxygen, dissolved chemical elements and even lacustrine diatoms as it is suggested by the authors). In other words, it will not act as an ombrotrophic peatland or an atmospheric archive. In an ombrotrophic peatland, the water level does not fluctuate and below the very limited oxygenated acrotelm, the remaining layers are under anoxic conditions, guaranteeing the preservation of mineral particles. This is not the case for a mire that is directly connected to a lake where open-air lake water penetrates the surrounding peat deposits. There will therefore be both influence of watershed runoff, and post-depositional processes. Besides the atmospheric/geochemical aspect of it, the authors also wish to reconstruct bog surface wetness (a proxy of precipitation), a common proxy in peat bogs. But here again the wetness could be influence by the lake level. So again, this is problematic. Then the bottom part of the section is a lake record, that, per definition, would not capture atmospheric signals only. In conclusion, to start with, the site is not suitable to attain the scientific objectives of the paper.
Coring technique:
I am quite surprised by the coring technique which consist in pushing a 11cm diameter, 2.5-m long (and then 5-m long?) PVC tube in the peatland, which is against all the common “good practice” techniques used to retrieve undisturbed peat samples. The so-called Russian peat corer technique dates back from 1955 (Belokopytov and Beresnevich, 1955, Torf Prom.) and was refined by Jowsey in the 60’s (Jowsey, 1966 New Phytol.). Moreover, several review papers explain why pushing a tube is not recommended as it compresses the peat layers, especially at the top part (and this compression can then vary with the characteristic of each layer) when entering the tube, and stretches the peat core while retrieving the tube as suction can happen from the bottom part and the outer walls of the tube. Speaking of suction, I would like to know how the authors retrieved a 2.5-m and then a 5-m tube pushed in wet and rather sticky peat? Having cored peatlands quite a bit, I would say this is impossible without a motorized system, but nothing is described here. I would like to know how that was achieved to counterbalance the important suction. Anyhow, the technique of simply pushing tubes to core peatlands has been avoided by peat scientists for several decades as much more reliable, easier and affordable tools are available. My guess would be that the authors use a single tube section to avoid multiple core sections and difficulties related to that, but this has also been solved a long time ago by taking parallel overlapping cores and date each core section as shown in many publications. I assume the diameter of the tube is perhaps to retrieve as much material as possible, but this is rather unjustified as well, as many multiproxy studies using the same proxies as here were achieved on smaller samples/cores. I therefore greatly question this coring technique not only on a scientific point of view but also in terms of impact on such a fragile ecosystem in a remote area. I recommend the authors to read recent reviews on the matter (e.g. Chambers et al., 2012 JQS; Shotyk et al., 2020 Can. J. Soil. Sci., to cite a few).
Previously published data:
I understand that the authors focused on a particular event for this paper, but I think it is worth mentioning that a substantial amount of data appearing in this paper were already published in Van der Putten et al., 2008. For example, except the higher resolution on the specific time window of this paper, the magnetic susceptibility was already published. The macrofossil data were also already published. The new data here are diatoms at low resolution, XRF (which are not really used, see my comment further below) and 15 radiocarbon dates. I consider poor practice to reuse a large portion of an already published dataset for another paper.
Mineral flux:
Calculating a minerogenic flux is not as simple as the authors do from the LOI. First of all because different vegetation types yield different ash content (e.g. Zaccone et al., 2013 QI; Zaccone et al. 2012 Plant and Soil; Leifeld et al., 2011 Plant and Soil, Sapkota 2006, PhD dissertation available online). For example, some plants can concentrate elements like Si, K, P in their root and stem tissue and neo-form minerals. Halophyte plants will concentrate salts. Other plants develop dense parts or wood that will result in a higher density and ash content. Organic matter can mineralize. Moreover, micro-organisms can form mineral tests from dissolved chemical elements (see my comments on diatoms further down), etc. In other words, pure peat deposits (i.e. without any exogenic mineral input) can yield an ash content from close to 0 to 10% or more. So no, unfortunately, LOI cannot be used to reconstruct a minerogenic dust flux. Of course, LOI gives a trend and an idea of where there are mineral enrichments in peatlands (if vegetation has been stablished to be stable over time, which is not the case here). LOI can help determining mineral peaks, volcanic layers, or biogenic layers that can then be characterized using other tools, but that is pretty much it. Therefore, the only wind proxy presented here, that is derived from LOI, is invalid because 1/ different vegetation yield different ash content, 2/ possible neoformation on root tissue (especially important in silicate rich areas – See Sapkota 2006), 3/ biogenic mineral neoformation (see my comment further below about diatoms). I would suggest the authors to look deeper in their XRF data to see if they could develop an erosion proxy based on some elemental ratios, and distinguish it from the biogenic part of the mineral content. If they then wish to quantify it, they would need to develop a mineral proxy based on concentrations as it has been abundantly done in ombrotrophic peatlands (e.g. Shotyk et al., 2001).
That brings me to the use of the scanning XRF data:
I wonder why the authors actually put these data in. The only diagram is a PCA on the whole dataset showing the opposition between a mineral component and an organic component and a reported PC1 in figure 2, to show that the XRF coincides in telling that the chemical elements are from minerogenic origin. Of course, they are, and of course this diagram is as it is, opposing organic matter to mineral mater as the record is composed of an organic matrix in which were incorporated mineral inputs. To me, the integration of this dataset is useless as it is. It is used to justify the mineral content, but it is somehow a circular reasoning as per definition XRF measures the inorganic compounds of the core. Moreover, since - as said earlier - the minerogenic flux from LOI is erroneous, the XRF interpretation linked to LOI is unsupported. Again, as a suggestion, I would present for some proxy vs time diagrams of this XRF dataset of parts of it, to see for example the lake/peat transition, to search if this could indeed be considered as ombrotrophic or not (although I doubt it will stand out…), to search for tephras or particular mineral layers that could then be interpreted as local erosional or runoff events (and those events, even if from the watershed, could be linked to particular climatic conditions).
Diatoms:
Diatoms can be found in peatlands, but, of course, to form diatoms, there is a need for a dissolved silica source (here in a volcanic island this is no problem). So terrestrial diatoms are mainly found in minerotrophic peatlands where sufficient amounts of mineral particles are available together with conditions favoring their partial dissolution, rendering dissolved Si available to form diatom frustules. Here, the presence of diatoms in the peat part of the profile strongly suggests a post-depositional mobilization of minerals (ie dissolution of Si minerals) that is a strong evidence for minerotrophy and that tells that part of the mineral content of the peatland is not derived from atmospheric/wind inputs, but is of in situ biogenic origin. So not only it is an evidence that minerotrophic peatland cannot be used to reconstruct wind using mineral fluxes because of post-depositional issues, but it also tells that because a part of the mineral content is of post-depositional, in situ biogenic origin, the interpretation that the authors make of their mineral flux derived from LOI as a wind proxy is once again erroneous. The authors also mention that they find some lacustrine diatoms in the peat section of the record and explain it by “temporary flooding” of the peatland, or wind-blown lake spray. Once again, this is evidence for post-depositional processes in the peat section of the record, and “contamination” of the mineral content by lacustrine diatoms, rendering the mineral flux from LOI useless in terms of wind proxy since some layers are a mixture of in situ deposition, biogenic formation, and inputs from the lake.
Resolution:
The authors claim that they have a low uncertainty (55 years) on the age-depth model during the Homeric phase (2.8-2.5 cal kyrs BP), but at the end, looking at figure 2, the only high-resolution data in terms of depth resolution (i.e. that can effectively pinpoint the 2.8 event with a good resolution) are the invalid minerogenic flux, the magnetic susceptibility (also a proxy of mineral inputs) and PC1 of the XRF data, useless as it is (see my comments on those proxies earlier). In other word, 3 graphs that tell the same thing, two of which are objectionable. The other proxies are low resolution. The macrofossil data display 40 points/5000 years (= 1point/125yrs). The diatom data display 32points/5000 years (= 1point/156yrs), for a specific event that lasts 300 years at best. So overall, besides the proxy issues I point out before there is no sufficient high-resolution valid data to draw robust conclusions in terms of precipitation and wind changes. The age-depth modeling may be very good with low uncertainties, but then if a proxy is investigated at low depth resolution, the proxy vs age graph remains low resolution.
I have not gone deeper into commenting the interpretation part of the manuscript as I think that there are flaws that render that interpretation speculative: lack of use of existing literature, flaws in the data generation, bias towards one climate driver, relatively low resolution of parts of the dataset. One can also question the novelty of this paper compared to Van der Putten et al. (2008) which already deals with solar forcing in the same core with, in great part, the same data. I am sorry I cannot be more positive but I think this paper needs a considerable amount of modifications before being submitted again for review if the authors manage to make it a novel/original contribution standing out of their previous paper.
Other suggestions:
Introduction:
Section before last, the authors tell they present a unique terrestrial proxy record for wind and precipitation. This is of course overstated as, as I already wrote earlier, several records exist at around the same latitude, or more largely at high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere.
Lake core:
The authors talk about a lake core in the introduction and the methods, but do not really mention it later and do not present diagrams together with the peat core. I wonder why. Could we have a comparison of both with common proxies? Also, I wonder how we could determine if what has been attributed as lake sediment (i.e. before the lake peat transition) is not a former peatland that was subsequently flooded, because the basal ages of the lake core and the peat core are similar. Another plausible process would be that the peatland at the edge of the lake would erode as it accumulates, and deposit in the lake bottom. There is no evidence the authors have investigated these possibilities and indeed the lake transition invoked in the introduction is not really detailed. Moreover, the schematic drawing of figure 1 makes no distinction and is confusing since it looks like it is all peat, even below the lake water body.
Dating:
I would like to know what where exactly the macrofossils composed of. Remains of above ground plants? Which species, which plant parts? I suggest the authors to add a column on their table about that both for the peat and lake samples.
Why removing outliers? Date inversions are a common feature when dating the Holocene, especially where the calibration curve display wiggles, which is the case here. Removing outliers without providing a relevant explanation (e.g. post-depositional processes in the peatland, contamination during laboratory process) should be avoided at all cost and the authors should accept their results as they are. Moreover, any modern age-depth modeling tool like BACON or CLAM can accommodate outliers. I suggest to include them as these are real results and they may contribute to have a more realistic (perhaps slightly larger) uncertainty on calibrated ages. I also suggest to use SHCAL20 as a calibration curve. Even if there is no difference with the SHCAL13 curve for that precise time window, people wishing to compare their (perhaps longer) records to this one will most likely use the latest calibration curve in the future.
Volcanism:
I do not know the volcanism of that sector but since the island is of volcanic origin, have the authors considered that some of those mineral peaks could be tephras from the island or from further away? Have they looked at the particles under a microscope to see if there were glass shards for example?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-69-RC3 -
AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://cp.copernicus.org/preprints/cp-2021-69/cp-2021-69-AC3-supplement.pdf
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AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Nathalie Van der Putten, 17 Dec 2021
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