Climate change is causing enhanced aridity across many regions of the globe, leading to increased reliance on groundwater resources. We need to understand how groundwater recharge behaves in arid regions over long timescales; unfortunately, arid landscapes tend to preserve very little evidence of their climatic past. We present evidence to suggest that carbonate formations that grow in groundwater can be used as archives of past groundwater recharge in Australia's arid zone.

This study aims to determine the nature of the climate in Labrador in historical times (late 18th century), which is crucial to understanding past climate changes in the Arctic and their causes. It is equally important to estimate the range of natural climate variability, which can help in correctly recognizing the causes of present and future climate changes – especially the influence of humans on climate. The analysis shows a significant warming from historical to present times.

Reanalyses can be used to study past weather and climate, but their reliability is uncertain in data-sparse regions, such as the southern Indian Ocean. We used weather typing and an ice core record from East Antarctica to show that the 20th Century Reanalysis project can better represent the weather conditions that lead to snowfall variability at the ice core site when key weather observations from the Southern Ocean (e.g. Macquarie Island) commence around the mid-20th century.

Our research explores climatic changes during the Early–Middle Pleistocene (1006–750 ka) on the southern Portuguese margin. We found that warm, subtropical-gyre-related conditions dominated. However, those conditions were occasionally interrupted by extreme cold events during the glacial periods. Our data show that these cold events, linked to changes in the North Atlantic's circulation, reached as far south as 36° N and significantly impacted marine ecosystems in the surface ocean.

This study explores past climate change in northeastern Iran by analysing the magnetic properties and geochemistry of loess (wind-blown dust) and paleosol (ancient soil) layers. Variations in these properties reveal shifts in temperature and rainfall patterns over time. The findings help reconstruct past environmental conditions and offer insights into how the region responded to climate variations, which can inform our understanding of future climate impacts.