Model and proxy evidence for coordinated changes in the hydroclimate of distant regions over the Last Millennium

Abstract. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; ca. 950–1250 CE) and the Little Ice Age (LIA; ca. 1450–1850 CE) periods, generally characterised by respectively higher and lower temperatures in many regions, have also been associated with drier and wetter conditions in areas around the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the Asian Monsoon region, and in areas impacted by large-scale climatic modes like the Northern and Southern Annular Modes (NAM and SAM, respectively). To analyse coordinated changes in large-scale hydroclimate patterns, and whether similar changes also extend to other periods of the Last Millennium (LM) outside the MCA and the LIA, reconstruction-based products have been analysed, including the collection of tree-ring based Drought Atlases (DA), the Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation product (PHYDA) and the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR). These analyses have shown coherent changes in the hydroclimate of tropical and extratropical regions, such as northern and central South America, East Africa, western North America, Western Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific, during the MCA, the LIA and other periods of the LM. Comparisons with model simulations from the Community Earth System Model – Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME) and phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6) show that both external forcing and internal variability contributed to these changes, with the contribution of internal variability being particularly important in the Indo-Pacific basin and that of external forcing in the Atlantic basin. These results may help to identify not only those areas showing coordinated changes, but also those regions where model simulations are able to successfully reproduce the evolution of hydroclimate during the LM.