Unraveling the mechanisms and implications of a stronger mid-Pliocene AMOC in PlioMIP2

Weiffenbach, Julia E.; Baatsen, Michiel L. J.; Dijkstra, Henk A.; von der Heydt, Anna S.; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako; Brady, Esther C.; Chan, Wing-Le; Chandan, Deepak; Chandler, Mark A.; Contoux, Camille; Feng, Ran; Guo, Chuncheng; Han, Zixuan; Haywood, Alan M.; Li, Qiang; Li, Xiangyu; Lohmann, Gerrit; Lunt, Daniel J.; Nisancioglu, Kerim H.; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Peltier, W. Richard; Ramstein, Gilles; Sohl, Linda E.; Stepanek, Christian; Tan, Ning; Tindall, Julia C.; Williams, Charles J. R.; Zhang, Qiong; Zhang, Zhongshi

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-35

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https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-35

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10 May 2022

Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal CP.

Unraveling the mechanisms and implications of a stronger mid-Pliocene AMOC in PlioMIP2

Julia E. Weiffenbach¹, Michiel L. J. Baatsen¹, Henk A. Dijkstra^1,2, Anna S. von der Heydt^1,2, Ayako Abe-Ouchi³, Esther C. Brady⁴, Wing-Le Chan³, Deepak Chandan⁵, Mark A. Chandler⁶, Camille Contoux⁷, Ran Feng⁸, Chuncheng Guo⁹, Zixuan Han^10,11, Alan M. Haywood¹², Qiang Li¹¹, Xiangyu Li¹³, Gerrit Lohmann^14,15, Daniel J. Lunt¹⁶, Kerim H. Nisancioglu^17,18, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner⁴, W. Richard Peltier⁵, Gilles Ramstein⁷, Linda E. Sohl⁶, Christian Stepanek¹⁴, Ning Tan^7,19, Julia C. Tindall¹², Charles J. R. Williams^16,20, Qiong Zhang¹¹, and Zhongshi Zhang^9,13 Julia E. Weiffenbach et al.

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¹Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Department of Physics, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
²Centre for Complex Systems Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CE Utrecht, the Netherlands
³Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan
⁴National Center for Atmospheric Research, (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
⁵Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada
⁶CCSR/GISS, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
⁷Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁸Department of Geosciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06033, USA
⁹NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway
¹⁰College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
¹¹Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
¹²School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
¹³Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental studies, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan 430074, China
¹⁴Alfred-Wegener-Institut – Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar and Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
¹⁵Department of Environmental Physics and MARUM, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
¹⁶School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
¹⁷Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
¹⁸Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
¹⁹Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
²⁰NCAS-Climate, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, RG6 6ET Reading, UK

¹Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Department of Physics, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
²Centre for Complex Systems Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CE Utrecht, the Netherlands
³Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan
⁴National Center for Atmospheric Research, (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
⁵Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada
⁶CCSR/GISS, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
⁷Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁸Department of Geosciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06033, USA
⁹NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway
¹⁰College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
¹¹Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
¹²School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
¹³Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental studies, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan 430074, China
¹⁴Alfred-Wegener-Institut – Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar and Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
¹⁵Department of Environmental Physics and MARUM, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
¹⁶School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
¹⁷Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
¹⁸Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
¹⁹Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
²⁰NCAS-Climate, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, RG6 6ET Reading, UK

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Received: 14 Apr 2022 – Discussion started: 10 May 2022

Abstract. The mid-Pliocene warm period (3.264–3.025 Ma) is the most recent geological period in which the atmospheric CO₂ concentration was approximately equal to the concentration we measure today (ca. 400 ppm). Sea surface temperature (SST) proxies indicate above-average warming over the North Atlantic in the mid-Pliocene with respect to the pre-industrial period, which may be linked to an intensified Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Earlier results from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2) show that the ensemble simulates a stronger AMOC in the mid-Pliocene than in the pre-industrial. However, no consistent relationship between the stronger mid-Pliocene AMOC and either the Atlantic northward ocean heat transport (OHT) or average North Atlantic SSTs has been found. In this study, we look further into the drivers and consequences of a stronger AMOC in mid-Pliocene compared to pre-industrial simulations in PlioMIP2. We find that all model simulations with a closed Bering Strait and Canadian Archipelago show reduced freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean into the North Atlantic. The resulting increase in salinity in the subpolar North Atlantic and Labrador Sea drives the stronger AMOC in the mid-Pliocene. To investigate the dynamics behind the ensemble's variable response of the total Atlantic OHT to the stronger AMOC, we separate the Atlantic OHT into two components associated with either the overturning circulation or the wind-driven gyre circulation. While the ensemble mean of the overturning component is increased significantly in magnitude in the mid-Pliocene, it is partly compensated by a reduction of the gyre component in the northern subtropical gyre region. This indicates that the lack of relationship between the total OHT and AMOC is due to changes in OHT by the subtropical gyre. The overturning and gyre components should therefore be considered separately to gain a more complete understanding of the OHT response to a stronger mid-Pliocene AMOC. In addition, we show that the AMOC exerts a stronger influence on North Atlantic SSTs in the mid-Pliocene than in the pre-industrial, providing a possible explanation for the improved agreement of the PlioMIP2 ensemble mean SSTs with reconstructions in the North Atlantic.

How to cite. Weiffenbach, J. E., Baatsen, M. L. J., Dijkstra, H. A., von der Heydt, A. S., Abe-Ouchi, A., Brady, E. C., Chan, W.-L., Chandan, D., Chandler, M. A., Contoux, C., Feng, R., Guo, C., Han, Z., Haywood, A. M., Li, Q., Li, X., Lohmann, G., Lunt, D. J., Nisancioglu, K. H., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Peltier, W. R., Ramstein, G., Sohl, L. E., Stepanek, C., Tan, N., Tindall, J. C., Williams, C. J. R., Zhang, Q., and Zhang, Z.: Unraveling the mechanisms and implications of a stronger mid-Pliocene AMOC in PlioMIP2, Clim. Past Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-35, in review, 2022.

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Julia E. Weiffenbach et al.

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RC1:
'Comment on cp-2022-35', Anonymous Referee #1, 17 Jun 2022

This is a review of the submission "Unraveling the mechanisms and implications of a stronger mid-Pliocene AMOC in PlioMIP2" of Weiffenbach et al. to Climate of the Past. The paper is a welcome contribution that utilize CMIP/PMIP output beyond reporting, to make progress in narrowing the yet substantial gap in our understanding of the drivers and impacts of the AMOC in the present and the past. The paper is in general well-written in terms of language and readability. The papers has some interesting conclusions. It shows how the closing of the Bering Strait results in lower freshwater input to the Atlantic from the Arctic and how that results in a region of higher salinity in the subpolar North Atlantic, which could very well be the driver of the stronger AMOC changes. And it shows that the stronger overturning leads to higher heat transport, but that a decreased zonal temperature gradient means the gyre heat transport is decreased. The resulting impact on North Atlantic SST is complex and model dependent. Despite these and other insights, I have some concerns about the validity of some of these analysis and conclusions that may require a substantial revision.

General comments:

1) Splitting of Overturning and Gyre transports:

The overturning heat transport (OHT) and wind-driven gyre heat transport (GHT) calculations are approximated by the heat transport from the zonal mean flow (ZHT) and a-zonal flow (AZHT), respectively. The difference between the GHT and the AZHT and the OHT and ZHT are not discussed even though it could be substantial. In fact, they are presented as the same thing (e.g., L329 and elsewhere). At 20-40N the ocean interior (outside the Western Boundary, WB) is very close to Sverdrup balance. The anomalous meridional transport due to the overturning occurs in the WB. This is well known from theory, models, and also clear in Figure S6. The ZHT uses the zonal mean temperature and not the WB temperate and thus likely under-estimates OHT. Similarly, in the deep ocean we know there is no wind-driven gyre at these latitudes, so there should be no GHT. Yet, the mean WB flow is subtracted everywhere in the deep ocean to give a resultant AZHT, that can obviously not be wind-driven and should not be presented as GHT, at least not without an analysis and discussion of the error made in this. Similarly, the deep eastern interior temperature is probably not relevant to OHT in reality, but for ZHT it dominates since most of the basin is away from WB. The same would apply for freshwater transports. Given that the Miocene-PI temperature changes do not have the same spatial patterns in the models, with some warming more in the east or west than others, this error made in the mPWP-PI calculations by equating ZHT to OHT and AZHT to GHT would be different in the different models.

A more relevant way to calculate the GTH and OHT at these sub-tropical gyre latitudes may be as follows: Determine an estimate of the level-of-no-motion (where the interior velocity nears zero). Next, at each latitude, determine a longitude for the western boundary of the wind-driven gyre by integrating meridional transport from the east to the west, until the longitude where the total meridional transport from east to west is zero. Now calculate the actual HT from v and T in this region above the level-of-no-motion and east of the western boundary of the gyre and this should more accurately represent the heat transport from the wind-driven circulation than the AZHT estimate. The OHT is then the actual HT in the rest of the cross-section. The same goes for the freshwater transport. This calculation is not as easily transferrable to other latitudes. However, most of the conclusions from the overturning and gyre heat and freshwater transports are drawn from 20-40N so this should work well. It is still an approximation of course, but should be much closer to the actual OHT and GHT.

The major conclusion in the paper that the GHT is weaker during the Pliocene while the OHT is stronger, should still hold, since it can be deduced directly from the fact that the wind-driven volume transports are constant (Fig S6) and the zonal temperature gradient is decreased.

2) Cross-model correlations between quantities..

The figures Fig 4, Fig 8, Fig 10, Fig 11, Fig 12 are scatter plots involving all models to show the relationship of one process against another. The correlation coefficients and confidence levels are only given for Figure 8, 10, 12. It would be good to have in all these figures, rather than just a few. It is actually unlikely that one would find great correlations in these kinds of plots, even when processes are well correlated within one model. The constant of proportionality is usually highly model dependent. However, when two processes A and B both increase in (almost) all models at the Pliocene or both decreases, it is reasonable to assume that they are positively correlated somehow. A weak correlation coefficient between A and B across models, does not necessarily negate this. Of course, when the correlation is very strong, it does support the robustness of such a relationship within and among models. In this paper, the same standard for when processes are assumed to be related or to drive each other should be applied throughout for all these figures. At the moment this is not always the case. For instance, Fig 4c and 4i is said to show that the AMOC is driven by meridional and in particular salinity gradients. But the correlation coefficients are not given. Similarly, when all models show enhanced Arctic freshwater input to the Atlantic and a stronger AMOC, the freshwater decrease is taken to be the proven driven of the AMOC, even without correlation analysis. But in Figure 8 the near-zero correlation between PmE and the AMOC is taken to mean that PmE does not drive the AMOC directly. However, 14 of 15 models show more evaporation and a stronger AMOC.

3) Structure

The results at the moment jumps from 3.1 AMOC SST impact to 3.2 AMOC salinity drivers and then back to 3.3 AMOC heat transport impact. It seems more logical to keep the impact on SST and heat transport together. Perhaps start with the exploration of the salinity changes driving the AMOC changes, then continue to impacts.

Specific comments:

L68: Missing "is".

L70: You could add to the final sentence "and a potential driving force during the Pliocene".

L94: Please provide some information about the spin-up times. I'm sure this is in earlier papers, but since this paper deals with the deep ocean, it seems appropriate to include it here.

L234: Is this really a Gulf Stream variability issue? The single data point that is outside the model range is from Mg/Ca, and the Mg/Ca is also way out of the model range at the more stable site 609, where other proxies do fall within the model spread. So perhaps it is more of a Mg/Ca proxy issue?

Section 3.1.2: About half of the models (6 of 13) do not show that the correlation between AMOC and SST is stronger at the mPWP, so the statement that the SST is more sensitive to the AMOC during the Pliocene could be misleading as a general statement. I suggest you add the mean (and perhaps STD) of the models' correlation coefficients so one could see if and where the correlations are stronger during the mPWP than the PI and also where they are positive and strong in particular. If nothing obviously pops up, then it illustrates clearly the model-dependancy of the correlations which is also important to keep in mind.

Figure 3 Caption: Shouldn't that be "95% confidence level"?

Section 3.2: While the AMOC and meridional density gradients are often correlated, the AMOC is not driven my meridional density gradients. Instead it is pressure, which combines density and the vertical stratification, that drives overturning (De Boer et al., 2010, doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4200.1). The meridional pressure gradients can be estimated by delta_Rho*H^2 (meridional density gradient times the square of the depth of the max of overturning streamfunction). It may or may not make a huge difference here, but at least the text should be clear that a correlation with the density gradient is only expected if the depth of the overturning is not affected by processes that are not directly related to the strength of the AMOC (like AABW). Just like if the AMOC correlates often with a meridional salinity gradient we would not make the general statement that the AMOC is driven by meridional salinity gradients.

Figure 4: Could you add a little space between the left and center column and center and right column to make it easier to figure out to which subplot the vertical text belongs? The caption says the density gradient is plotted against the AMOC anomaly. Is it not more conventional to say the y-axis is plotted against the axis? (As in dependent variable against independent variable?).

Figure 4 and L273->: As discussed in the general comment, it would be good to add the correlation coefficient here to compare with assumed forcing by freshwater changes. Also, could you add (in the supplement perhaps) the correlations of AMOC with the northern band of salinity/density and the correlations with the southern band salinity/density band separately to see whether the changes in the gradient originates more from the north or south? It could strengthen the argument that it all comes from the Bering Strait closure or it could force a rethink of that.

L270 with regards to the GISS2.1G, on what evidence is the statement based that the deep water is formed north of 65N? When looking at the streamfunctions in Figure 1 in Zhang et al. (2021) this is not obvious, in fact, in other models the streamfunction stretches further north and the maximum overturning is at a similar latitude in GISS than the other models. From a quick inspection it seems that the GISS is the only model that has a maximum overturning deeper than 1km. Have you tried calculating the meridional gradients over a deeper layer?

L299: Perhaps change "into the Atlantic" here to "into the Arctic", since you are discussing changes in the Arctic salinity.

Figure 7: Could you use the same y-axis scale for these FW transports so they are more easily comparable?

Figure 8: Comparing Figure 4i and 12b suggest a relation between SSS and PmE in the North Atlantic, with models having a strong salinity gradient, like EC-Earth, also having large PmE anomalies and vice versa (like GISS and CESM1.2). The correlation is not great, but see my general point (2) that argue that this does not negate a role for PmE for salinity. On a visual point, the figure would be easier to read with another contour interval level for the salinity anomaly, and a split of the positive and negative contours into solid and dashed lines.

L365: Is the higher PmE attributable to more evaputation from the higher? Presumably a lot if this rains out downwind?

L413: What is the advantage of the pseudo-sverdrup transport analysis in Figure 11 over calculating the actual southward gyre transport, as in Figure S6? The lack of changes in the interior in Figure S6 quite is illuminating and arguably a more direct measure of the wind-driven transport.

L440: In theory, if the gyre volume transports are the same, the heat and freshwater transport must by definition be 100% driven by east-west differences in T and S. The correlations should be stronger if you calculate it according the suggested method in the general comment 1, since you would then not include the superficial gyre contribution below the wind-driven layer into gyre heat and freshwater transport. And playing with the place where the zonal differences are taken might help. But in theory Figs 12a-d together with Figure 11 or Figure S6, should suffice to illustrate that increase gyre H/F transports are due to zonal T/S differences.

L501-508: I suggest leaving out this description of the a-priori expectations. It's difficult to follow and turns out not to be substantiated by the results.

L535: The closing of the Bering Strait is likely the driver of the AMOC changes, but the sentence "is thereby the driver" is arguably too strong, since it has not been shown in a rigorous analysis. For the pliocene runs, the freshwater input from the Arctic was certainly lower and could have driven the higher salinity, but also the PmE was also lower. The PmE did not correlate to the AMOC well, but that was an intermodel correlation. No similar correlation was attemped between the AMOC and the Bering Strait freshwater input for instance, or between PmE versus salinity and Arctic freshwater input versus salinity. Figures S3 for instance shows that in GISS and HadCM3, the Bering Strait freshwater input was really weak in the PI, yet they both have a stronger than average AMOC increase during the mPWP. So these things are still a bit complicated. Exploring this further may very well be beyond the scope of the current manuscript, in which case one could settle for a reasonable though somewhat more careful "plays a dicernable role". Similarly, lines 10-11 can be a bit more carefully stated.

All in all this is a really interesting thought provoking paper.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-35-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Julia Weiffenbach, 23 Aug 2022
  
  The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://cp.copernicus.org/preprints/cp-2022-35/cp-2022-35-AC1-supplement.pdf
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-35-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on cp-2022-35', Anonymous Referee #2, 26 Jun 2022
This study investigates the cause of the stronger AMOC in the PlioMIP2 ensemble and how Atlantic OHT and North Atlantic SSTs are influenced by this strengthening. In alignment with the findings of Otto-Bliesner et al., the authors conclude that the closure of the Bering Strait and Canadian Archipelago is the primary cause of the strengthening of the AMOC in the PlioMIP2 ensemble as it leads to a decrease in the southward freshwater transport into the Labrador Sea promoting high salinities and hence deep water formation. The authors go on to investigate the relationship between changes in the strength of the AMOC and changes in ocean heat transport. They find that AMOC driven increases in the ocean heat transport are partially compensated by a reduction of the gyre component, which helps to explain the model spread in ocean heat transport responses. I found the paper clearly written and analysis presented to be very thorough.

Major comments

When comparing simulated and reconstructed Pliocene SSTs Ln 110 mentions that an observational pre-industrial SST dataset is used to calculated the Pliocene minus Preindustrial SST change for the six different sites. If core top values are available they should be used rather than the pre-industrial SST dataset as using the former provides more of an apples with apples comparison and can have an impact e.g. The Haywood et al. (2020) analysis shows no Pliocene warming off California when differencing the Foley and Dowsett Uk37 records from the preindustrial SST dataset, but in Tierney et al., 2019 which differences these records from core top shows significant warming.

In establishing the mechanism responsible for the higher North Atlantic salinities in Fig. 5 I am not 100% convinced by the analysis that led to the statement “we find no indication that the PmE freshwater flux is the driving force behind the mid-Pliocene AMOC strength increase”. While the analysis provided in Section 3.2.2 is thorough and provides a case for the role of reduced freshwater transport associated with the closure of the Canadian Archipelago (0.04 Sv), I do not find the analysis in Section 3.2.3 convincing in ruling out the role of changes in the Pliocene-Preindustrial North Atlantic surface freshwater flux. Fig. 8 shows that the MMM P-E is more negative over most of the subtropical gyre and parts of the subpolar gyre in the Pliocene simulations. This leads to more saline surface waters within the subtropical gyre (Figs. 4 & 5) that are advected into the subpolar region. Evidence of this is also seen in Fig. 6c if one takes the divergence (derivative) of the red and black lines respectively. The more rapid decline in the wind-driven northward freshwater transport (Fig. 6c, blue dashed line) is presumably due to enhanced surface evaporation due to warmer sea surface temperatures (particularly given the results of the gyre transport analysis in Section 3.4). This implies that another major cause of the higher Pliocene salinities is enhanced subtropical evaporation which is not adequality captured when using the local region defined in Fig. 8a (due to the role of advection). Therefore in addition to the closure of the Canadian Archipelago mechanism, perhaps the warmer north Atlantic SSTs due to more positive regional radiative feedbacks or forcing changes in PlioMIP2 relative to PlioMIP1 might also help explain the stronger MMM AMOC result? An ocean salinity budget such as those conducted in Emile-Geay et al., 2003 and Burls et al., 2017 provide a framework that would account for the relative roles of freshwater transport and surface freshwater flux changes. While conducting such an analysis might be beyond the scope of the current study, the authors need to either provide an analysis that rules out a significant role for surface freshwater flux changes (e.g. converting mm/day x area to a Sv change over the subtropical and subpolar regions respectively to compare with the 0.04Sv change in the freshwater transport at 65N) or discuss this caveat in their interpretation accordingly.

Emile-Geay, M. A. Cane, N. Naik, R. Seager, A. C. Clement, A. van Geen, (2003) Warren revisited: Atmospheric freshwater fluxes and “Why is no deep water formed in the North Pacific.” J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 3178–3112

Burls, N J, A V Fedorov, D M Sigman, S L Jaccard, R Tiedemann, and G H Haug, (2017) “Active Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation (PMOC) during the Warm Pliocene.” Science Advances 3, 9, e1700156.

Minor comments and suggestions:

Ln 30-35: When comparing the response of the AMOC in future warming scenarios with Pliocene warming one has to take into account the timescales of the mechanisms involved and if the transient or equilibrium response is being assessed e.g. the short-term stratification of the Ocean which leads to AMOC decline in 21^st century in projections will weaken as heat defuses downwards and there can be recovery as equilibrium is reached. A sentence or two acknowledging this subtility is needed here.

Eqn 1: I suggest changing vT to \bar{vT} to indicate that this is the 100-year mean of the product of v and T as opposed to the product of the 100-year mean of v and T respectively as in equ 3. Similarly for Ln 145, change vT to \bar{vT}

Ln 167-168: Are COSMOS and HadCM3 the only two model for which the total OHT is inferred from the SHF? Is the \bar{vT} save and provided for all the other models?

Figure 2 caption: I am confused about the calculation of Fig. 2b is “with respect to the average MMM North Atlantic SST (30N-70N)” supposed to be “with respect to the average MMM North Atlantic SST (30N-70N) anomaly”?

Section 3.1.2 and Fig. 3: This is for zero lag-lead and the annual times scale. The correlations between AMOC and SST could be stronger, and perhaps more similar, if the lag/lead of maximum correction for subpolar SST is shown? Also if a ten-year running mean is applied to filter out the influence of processes influencing SST associated with atmospheric noise.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-35-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Julia Weiffenbach, 23 Aug 2022
  
  The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://cp.copernicus.org/preprints/cp-2022-35/cp-2022-35-AC2-supplement.pdf
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-35-AC2

Julia E. Weiffenbach et al.

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Short summary

We study the behavior of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the mid-Pliocene. The mid-Pliocene was about 3 million years ago and had a similar CO₂ concentration to today. We show that the AMOC is stronger during this period due to changes in geography and that this has a significant influence on ocean temperatures and heat transported northwards by the Atlantic Ocean. Understanding the behavior of the mid-Pliocene AMOC can help us to learn more about our future climate.


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