CP Climate of the Past CP Clim. Past 1814-9332 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/cp-8-683-2012 A multi-proxy perspective on millennium-long climate variability in the Southern Pyrenees Morellón M. 1 2 3 Pérez-Sanz A. 3 Corella J. P. 2 3 Büntgen U. 4 Catalán J. 5 González-Sampériz P. 3 González-Trueba J. J. 6 López-Sáez J. A. 7 Moreno A. 2 3 Pla-Rabes S. 5 Saz-Sánchez M. Á. 8 Scussolini P. 9 12 Serrano E. 10 Steinhilber F. 1 Stefanova V. 11 Vegas-Vilarrúbia T. 12 Valero-Garcés B. 2 3 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Surface Waters, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINCGlobal), PUC-CSIC, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, PUC, Alameda 340, PC 6513677 Santiago, Chile Departamento de Procesos Geoambientales y Cambio Global, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) – CSIC, Campus de Aula Dei. Avda, Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape (WSL) ETH domain Zürich, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB) – CSIC. C/ Accés a la Cala St. Francesc, 14, 17300 Blanes, Spain Departamento de Geografía, Prehistoria y Arqueología, Calle Tomás y Valiente s/n. 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, CCHS-CSIC, C/ Albasanz, 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain Departamento de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Marine Biogeology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Subunidad de Geografía Física Departamento de Geografía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Plaza del Campus s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain Limnological Research Center, University of Minnesota, 310 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Departament of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 30 03 2012 8 2 683 700 Copyright: © 2012 M. Morellón et al. 2012 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/8/683/2012/cp-8-683-2012.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/8/683/2012/cp-8-683-2012.pdf

This paper reviews multi-proxy paleoclimatic reconstructions with robust age-control derived from lacustrine, dendrochronological and geomorphological records and characterizes the main environmental changes that occurred in the Southern Pyrenees during the last millennium. Warmer and relatively arid conditions prevailed during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, ca. 900–1300 AD), with a significant development of xerophytes and Mediterranean vegetation and limited deciduous tree formations (mesophytes). The Little Ice Age (LIA, 1300–1800 AD) was generally colder and moister, with an expansion of deciduous taxa and cold-adapted montane conifers. Two major phases occurred within this period: (i) a transition MCA–LIA, characterized by fluctuating, moist conditions and relatively cold temperatures (ca. 1300 and 1600 AD); and (ii) a second period, characterized by the coldest and most humid conditions, coinciding with maximum (recent) glacier advances (ca. 1600–1800 AD). Glaciers retreated after the LIA when warmer and more arid conditions dominated, interrupted by a short-living cooling episode during the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Some records suggest a response to solar activity with colder and slightly moister conditions during solar minima. Centennial-scale hydrological fluctuations are in phase with reconstructions of NAO variability, which appears to be one of the main climate mechanisms influencing rainfall variations in the region during the last millennium.

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