CP Climate of the Past CP Clim. Past 1814-9332 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/cp-10-939-2014 Orbital- and millennial-scale environmental changes between 64 and 20 ka BP recorded in Black Sea sediments Shumilovskikh L. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7429-3163 1 Fleitmann D. 4 3 2 Nowaczyk N. R. 5 Behling H. 1 Marret F. 6 Wegwerth A. 7 Arz H. W. 7 Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Department of Archaeology, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK Institute of Geological Sciences, Bern, Switzerland Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Helmholtz Center Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany 14 05 2014 10 3 939 954 Copyright: © 2014 L. S. Shumilovskikh et al. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/10/939/2014/cp-10-939-2014.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/10/939/2014/cp-10-939-2014.pdf

High-resolution pollen and dinoflagellate cyst records from sediment core M72/5-25-GC1 were used to reconstruct vegetation dynamics in northern Anatolia and surface conditions of the Black Sea between 64 and 20 ka BP. During this period, the dominance of <i>Artemisia</i> in the pollen record indicates a steppe landscape and arid climate conditions. However, the concomitant presence of temperate arboreal pollen suggests the existence of glacial refugia in northern Anatolia. Long-term glacial vegetation dynamics reveal two major arid phases ~64–55 and 40–32 ka BP, and two major humid phases ~54–45 and 28–20 ka BP, correlating with higher and lower summer insolation, respectively. Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles are clearly indicated by the 25-GC1 pollen record. Greenland interstadials are characterized by a marked increase in temperate tree pollen, indicating a spread of forests due to warm/wet conditions in northern Anatolia, whereas Greenland stadials reveal cold and arid conditions as indicated by spread of xerophytic biomes. There is evidence for a phase lag of ~500 to 1500 yr between initial warming and forest expansion, possibly due to successive changes in atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic sector. The dominance of <i>Pyxidinopsis psilata</i> and <i>Spiniferites cruciformis</i> in the dinocyst record indicates brackish Black Sea conditions during the entire glacial period. The decrease of marine indicators (marine dinocysts, acritarchs) at ~54 ka BP and increase of freshwater algae (<i>Pediastrum, Botryococcus</i>) from 32 to 25 ka BP reveals freshening of the Black Sea surface water. This freshening is possibly related to humid phases in the region, to connection between Caspian Sea and Black Sea, to seasonal freshening by floating ice, and/or to closer position of river mouths due to low sea level. In the southern Black Sea, Greenland interstadials are clearly indicated by high dinocyst concentrations and calcium carbonate content, as a result of an increase in primary productivity. Heinrich events show a similar impact on the environment in the northern Anatolia/Black Sea region as Greenland stadials.

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